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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Magnesium Hydroxide:
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate
Injection, USP
Ansyr Plastic Syringe
Rx only
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile solution of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate heptahydrate in Water for Injection, USP administered by the intravenous or intramuscular routes as an electrolyte replenisher or anticonvulsant. Must be diluted before intravenous use. May contain sulfuric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. The pH is 5.5 to 7.0. The 50% concentration has an osmolarity of 4.06 mOsmol/mL (calc.).
The solution contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer (except for pH adjustment) and is intended only for use as a single-dose injection. When smaller doses are required the unused portion should be discarded with the entire unit.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate, USP heptahydrate is chemically designated MgSO4 - 7H2O with molecular weight of 246.48 and occurs as colorless crystals or white powder freely soluble in water.
The plastic syringe is molded from a specially formulated polypropylene. Water permeates from inside the container at an extremely slow rate which will have an insignificant effect on solution concentration over the expected shelf life. Solutions in contact with the plastic container may leach out certain chemical components from the plastic in very small amounts; however, biological testing was supportive of the safety of the syringe material.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) (Mg++) is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions and plays an important role in neurochemical transmission and muscular excitability.
As a nutritional adjunct in hyperalimentation, the precise mechanism of action for Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) is uncertain. Early symptoms of hypomagnesemia (less than 1.5 mEq/liter) may develop as early as three to four days or within weeks.
Predominant deficiency effects are neurological, e.g., muscle irritability, clonic twitching and tremors. Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia often follow low serum levels of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide). While there are large stores of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) present intracellularly and in the bones of adults, these stores often are not mobilized sufficiently to maintain plasma levels. Parenteral Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) therapy repairs the plasma deficit and causes deficiency symptoms and signs to cease.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) prevents or controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular transmission and decreasing the amount of acetylcholine liberated at the end plate by the motor nerve impulse. Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) is said to have a depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS), but it does not adversely affect the woman, fetus or neonate when used as directed in eclampsia or pre-eclampsia. Normal plasma Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) levels range from 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/liter.
As plasma Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) rises above 4 mEq/liter, the deep tendon reflexes are first decreased and then disappear as the plasma level approaches 10 mEq/liter. At this level respiratory paralysis may occur. Heart block also may occur at this or lower plasma levels of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide). Serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) concentrations in excess of 12 mEq/L may be fatal.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) acts peripherally to produce vasodilation. With low doses only flushing and sweating occur, but larger doses cause lowering of blood pressure. The central and peripheral effects of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) poisoning are antagonized to some extent by intravenous administration of calcium.
Pharmacokinetics
With intravenous administration the onset of anticonvulsant action is immediate and lasts about 30 minutes. Following intramuscular administration the onset of action occurs in about one hour and persists for three to four hours. Effective anticonvulsant serum levels range from 2.5 to 7.5 mEq/liter. Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) is excreted solely by the kidneys at a rate proportional to the plasma concentration and glomerular filtration.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate Injection, USP is suitable for replacement therapy in Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) deficiency, especially in acute hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany similar to those observed in hypocalcemia. In such cases, the serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) (Mg++) level is usually below the lower limit of normal (1.5 to 2.5 mEq/liter) and the serum calcium (Ca++) level is normal (4.3 to 5.3 mEq/liter) or elevated.
In total parenteral nutrition (TPN), Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate may be added to the nutrient admixture to correct or prevent hypomagnesemia which can arise during the course of therapy.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate Injection, USP is also indicated for the prevention and control of seizures (convulsions) in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, respectively.
Parenteral administration of the drug is contraindicated in patients with heart block or myocardial damage.
FETAL HARM: Continuous administration of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women can lead to hypocalcemia and bone abnormalities in the developing fetus. These bone abnormalities include skeletal demineralization and osteopenia. In addition, cases of neonatal fracture have been reported. The shortest duration of treatment that can lead to fetal harm is not known. Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate is given for treatment of preterm labor, the woman should be informed that the efficacy and safety of such use have not been established and that use of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days may cause fetal abnormalities.
ALUMINUM TOXICITY: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
Parenteral use in the presence of renal insufficiency may lead to Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) intoxication. Intravenous use in the eclampsia should be reserved for immediate control of life-threatening convulsions.
General
Administer with caution if flushing and sweating occurs. When barbiturates, narcotics or other hypnotics (or systemic anesthetics) are to be given in conjunction with Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide), their dosage should be adjusted with caution because of additive CNS depressant effects of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide).
Because Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) is removed from the body solely by the kidneys, the drug should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment. Urine output should be maintained at a level of 100 mL or more during the four hours preceding each dose. Monitoring serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) levels and the patient's clinical status is essential to avoid the consequences of overdosage in toxemia. Clinical indications of a safe dosage regimen include the presence of the patellar reflex (knee jerk) and absence of respiratory depression (approximately 16 breaths or more/minute). When repeated doses of the drug are given parenterally, knee jerk reflexes should be tested before each dose and if they are absent, no additional Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) should be given until they return. Serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) levels usually sufficient to control convulsions range from 3 to 6 mg/100 mL (2.5 to 5 mEq/liter). The strength of the deep tendon reflexes begins to diminish when Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) levels exceed 4 mEq/liter. Reflexes may be absent at 10 mEq magnesium/liter, where respiratory paralysis is a potential hazard. An injectable calcium salt should be immediately available to counteract the potential hazards of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) intoxication in eclampsia.
50% Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate Injection, USP must be diluted to a concentration of 20% or less prior to intravenous infusion. Rate of administration should be slow and cautious, to avoid producing hypermagnesemia. The 50% solution also should be diluted to 20% or less for intramuscular injection in infants and children.
Laboratory Tests
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate injection should not be given unless hypomagnesemia has been confirmed and the serum concentration of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) is monitored. The normal serum level is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L.
Drug Interactions
CNS Depressants - When barbiturates, narcotics or other hypnotics (or systemic anesthetics), or other CNS depressants are to be given in conjunction with Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide), their dosage should be adjusted with caution because of additive CNS depressant effects of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide). CNS depression and peripheral transmission defects produced by Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) may be antagonized by calcium.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Excessive neuromuscular block has occurred in patients receiving parenteral Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate and a neuromuscular blocking agent; these drugs should be administered concomitantly with caution.
Cardiac Glycosides - Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate should be administered with extreme caution in digitalized patients, because serious changes in cardiac conduction which can result in heart block may occur if administration of calcium is required to treat Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) toxicity.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category D (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS )
See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS .
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate can cause fetal abnormalities when administered beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women. There are retrospective epidemiological studies and case reports documenting fetal abnormalities such as hypocalcemia, skeletal demineralization, osteopenia and other skeletal abnormalities with continuous maternal administration of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate for more than 5 to 7 days.1-10 Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate injection should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If this drug is used during pregnancy, the woman should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
Nonteratogenic Effects
When administered by continuous intravenous infusion (especially for more than 24 hours preceding delivery) to control convulsions in a toxemic woman, the newborn may show signs of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) toxicity, including neuromuscular or respiratory depression (See OVERDOSAGE ).
Labor and Delivery
Continuous administration of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate is an unapproved treatment for preterm labor. The safety and efficacy of such use have not been established. The administration of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate outside of its approved indication in pregnant women should be by trained obstetrical personnel in a hospital setting with appropriate obstetrical care facilities.
Nursing Mothers
Since Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) is distributed into milk during parenteral Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate administration, the drug should be used with caution in nursing women.
Geriatrics
Geriatric patients often require reduced dosage because of impaired renal function. In patients with severe impairment, dosage should not exceed 20 grams in 48 hours. Serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) should be monitored in such patients.
The adverse effects of parenterally administered Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) usually are the result of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) intoxication. These include flushing, sweating, hypotension, depressed reflexes, flaccid paralysis, hypothermia, circulatory collapse, cardiac and central nervous system depression proceeding to respiratory paralysis. Hypocalcemia with signs of tetany secondary to Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate therapy for eclampsia has been reported.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) intoxication is manifested by a sharp drop in blood pressure and respiratory paralysis. Disappearance of the patellar reflex is a useful clinical sign to detect the onset of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) intoxication. In the event of overdosage, artificial ventilation must be provided until a calcium salt can be injected intravenously to antagonize the effects of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide).
For Treatment of Overdose
Artificial respiration is often required. Intravenous calcium, 10 to 20 mL of a 5% solution (diluted if desirable with isotonic sodium chloride for injection) is used to counteract effects of hypermagnesemia. Subcutaneous physostigmine, 0.5 to 1 mg may be helpful.
Hypermagnesemia in the newborn may require resuscitation and assisted ventilation via endotracheal intubation or intermittent positive pressure ventilation as well as intravenous calcium.
Dosage of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate must be carefully adjusted according to individual requirements and response, and administration of the drug should be discontinued as soon as the desired effect is obtained.
Both intravenous and intramuscular administration are appropriate. Intramuscular administration of the undiluted 50% solution results in therapeutic plasma levels in 60 minutes, whereas intravenous doses will provide a therapeutic level almost immediately. The rate of intravenous injection should generally not exceed 150 mg/minute (1.5 mL of a 10% concentration or its equivalent), except in severe eclampsia with seizures. Continuous maternal administration of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate in pregnancy beyond 5 to 7 days can cause fetal abnormalities.
Solutions for intravenous infusion must be diluted to a concentration of 20% or less prior to administration. The diluents commonly used are 5% Dextrose Injection, USP and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. Deep intramuscular injection of the undiluted (50%) solution is appropriate for adults, but the solution should be diluted to a 20% or less concentration prior to such injection in children.
In Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Deficiency
In the treatment of mild Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) deficiency, the usual adult dose is 1 gram, equivalent to 8.12 mEq of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) (2 mL of the 50% solution) injected intramuscularly every six hours for four doses (equivalent to a total of 32.5 mEq of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) per 24 hours). For severe hypomagnesemia, as much as 250 mg (approximately 2 mEq) per kg of body weight (0.5 mL of the 50% solution) may be given intramuscularly within a period of four hours if necessary. Alternatively, 5 grams, (approximately 40 mEq) can be added to one liter of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP for slow intravenous infusion over a three-hour period. In the treatment of deficiency states, caution must be observed to prevent exceeding the renal excretory capacity.
In Hyperalimentation
In total parenteral nutrition, maintenance requirements for Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) are not precisely known. The maintenance dose used in adults ranges from 8 to 24 mEq (1 gram to 3 grams) daily; for infants, the range is 2 to 10 mEq (0.25 gram to 1.25 grams) daily.
In Pre-eclampsia or Eclampsia
In severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, the total initial dose is 10 grams to 14 grams of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate. Intravenously, a dose of 4 grams to 5 grams in 250 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP may be infused. Simultaneously, intramuscular doses of up to 10 grams (5 grams or 10 mL of the undiluted 50% solution in each buttock) are given. Alternatively, the initial intravenous dose of 4 grams may be given by diluting the 50% solution to a 10 or 20% concentration; the diluted fluid (40 mL of a 10% solution or 20 mL of a 20% solution) may then be injected intravenously over a period of three to four minutes. Subsequently, 4 grams to 5 grams (8 to 10 mL of the 50% solution) are injected intramuscularly into alternate buttocks every four hours as needed, depending on the continuing presence of the patellar reflex and adequate respiratory function. Alternatively, after the initial intravenous dose, some clinicians administer 1 gram to 2 grams/hour by constant intravenous infusion. Therapy should continue until paroxysms cease. A serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) level of 6 mg/100 mL is considered optimal for control of seizures. A total daily (24 hr) dose of 30 grams to 40 grams should not be exceeded. In the presence of severe renal insufficiency, the maximum dosage of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate is 20 grams/48 hours and frequent serum Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) concentrations must be obtained. Continuous use of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate in pregnancy beyond 5 to 7 days can cause fetal abnormalities.
Other Uses
In counteracting the muscle-stimulating effects of barium poisoning, the usual dose of Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate is 1 gram to 2 grams given intravenously.
For controlling seizures associated with epilepsy, glomerulonephritis or hypothyroidism, the usual adult dose is 1 gram administered intramuscularly or intravenously.
In paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) should be used only if simpler measures have failed and there is no evidence of myocardial damage. The usual dose is 3 grams to 4 grams (30 to 40 mL of a 10% solution) administered intravenously over 30 seconds with extreme caution.
For reduction of cerebral edema, 2.5 grams (25 mL of a 10% solution) is given intravenously.
Incompatibilities
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) sulfate in solution may result in a precipitate formation when mixed with solutions containing:
Alcohol (in high Heavy Metals
concentrations) Hydrocortisone sodium
Alkali carbonates and succinate
bicarbonates Phosphates
Alkali hydroxides Polymixin B sulfate
Arsenates Procaine hydrochloride
Barium Salicylates
Calcium Strontium
Clindamycin phosphate Tartrates
The potential incompatibility will often be influenced by the changes in the concentration of reactants and the pH of the solutions.
It has been reported that Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) may reduce the antibiotic activity of streptomycin, tetracycline and tobramycin when given together.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate Injection, USP is supplied in single-dose containers as follows:
NDC No. | Container | Total Amount | Concentration | mEq Mg++/mL |
0409-1754-10 | Ansyr Plastic Syringe | 5 g/10 mL | 50% | 4 mEq/mL |
Do not administer unless solution is clear and container is undamaged. Discard unused portion.
Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).
Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
LAB-1024-1.0
April 2017
Hospira Logo
50% Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate 5 g/10 mL (500 mg/mL)
Rx only
NDC 0409-1754-10
10 mL Single-dose syringe
50% Zegerid Chewable (Magnesium Hydroxide) Sulfate Injection, USP
5 g/10 mL (500 mg/mL) (4 mEq Mg++/mL)
MUST BE DILUTED FOR INTRAVENOUS USE.
For Intravenous or Intramuscular Use. Sterile. 4.06 mOsmol/mL (calc.).
Contains no more than 75 mcg/L of aluminum.
Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
Hospira
RL-6891
Omeprazole:
Zegerid Chewable is an inhibitor of H+ K+ ATPase. This medication inhibits the activity of H+-K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells and thus blocks the final stage of hydrochloric acid secretion. This leads to a reduction in basal and stimulated secretion, regardless of the nature of the stimulus. Due to the reduction of acid secretion Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) reduces or normalizes the effects of acid in the esophagus in patients with reflux esophagitis.
Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) has a bactericidal effect on Helicobacter pylori. Eradication of H. pylori when Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) used with antibiotics allows to quickly arrest the symptoms, to take a high degree of healing of damaged mucosa and persistent long-term remission and reduce the likelihood of bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.
After oral administration Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This drug penetrates the parietal cells of gastric mucosa. Plasma protein binding is about 95% (predominantly albumin). Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) is biotransformed in the liver. Excreted by the kidneys - 72-80%, in the faeces - about 20%. T1/2 is 0.5-1 h. In patients with chronic liver diseases T1/2 increases up to 3 hours.
Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer in acute phase (including associated with Helicobacter pylori), reflux esophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, erosive and ulcerative lesions of gastric and duodenal ulcers associated with taking NSAIDs.
The dosing regimen of Zegerid Chewable is individual. When this medication is administered orally of the single dose is 20-40 mg. The daily dose is 20-80 mg, the frequency of use is 1-2 times / day. The duration of treatment is 2-8 weeks.
Digestive system: rarely - nausea, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, flatulence.
CNS: rarely - headache, dizziness, weakness.
Hemopoietic system: in some cases - anemia, eosinopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.
Urinary system: in some cases - hematuria, proteinuria.
Musculoskeletal system: in some cases - arthralgia, muscle weakness, myalgia.
Allergic reactions: rarely - skin rash.
Chronic liver disease (including in history), hypersensitivity to Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole).
In the absence of clinical experience with Zegerid Chewable it is not recommended to use this drug during pregnancy. If necessary to use during Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) lactation it should been solve the issue of termination of breastfeeding.
Category effects on the fetus by FDA - C.
Before the treatment with Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) it is necessary to exclude the possibility of a malignant process (especially gastric ulcer) because Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) treatment can mask symptoms and delay the correct diagnosis.
Therapy with Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) may affects results of laboratory studies of liver and gastrin concentrations in blood plasma.
Due to lack of experience in clinical application of Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) this medicine is not recommended for children.
This medication alters the bioavailability of any drug, absorption depends on pH (ketoconazole, iron salts, etc.). Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) slows down the elimination of drugs metabolized in the liver by microsomal oxidation (warfarin, diazepam, phenytoin, etc.).
Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) enhances the action of coumarin and diphenine, does not change - NSAIDs. This drug increases (relative) the concentration of clarithromycin in the blood; may increases the leukopenic and thrombocytopenic effects of depressants hematopoiesis drugs. Substance for intravenous infusion is compatible only with saline and dextrose (using other solvents may decrease the stability of Zegerid Chewable (Omeprazole) due to changes in pH of infusion medium).
Symptoms: dry mouth, nausea, blurred vision, headache, increased sweating, flushing, tachycardia, drowsiness, confusion.
Treatment: symptomatic, dialysis is ineffective.
Sodium Bicarbonate:
Zegerid Chewable nitrite is indicated for sequential use with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening. (1)
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection is indicated for sequential use with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate for the treatment of acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening. When the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is uncertain, the potentially life-threatening risks associated with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection should be carefully weighed against the potential benefits, especially if the patient is not in extremis.
Cyanide poisoning may result from inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure to various cyanide-containing compounds, including smoke from closed-space fires. Sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide and its salts, cyanogenic plants, aliphatic nitriles, and prolonged exposure to Zegerid Chewable nitroprusside.
The presence and extent of cyanide poisoning are often initially unknown. There is no widely available, rapid, confirmatory cyanide blood test. Treatment decisions must be made on the basis of clinical history and signs and symptoms of cyanide intoxication. If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Thiosulfate Injection should be administered without delay.
Symptoms | Signs |
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In some settings, panic symptoms including tachypnea and vomiting may mimic early cyanide poisoning signs. The presence of altered mental status (e.g., confusion and disorientation) and/or mydriasis is suggestive of true cyanide poisoning although these signs can occur with other toxic exposures as well.
The expert advice of a regional poison control center may be obtained by calling 1-800-222-1222.
Smoke Inhalation
Not all smoke inhalation victims will have cyanide poisoning and may present with burns, trauma, and exposure to other toxic substances making a diagnosis of cyanide poisoning particularly difficult. Prior to administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection, smoke-inhalation victims should be assessed for the following:
Although hypotension is highly suggestive of cyanide poisoning, it is only present in a small percentage of cyanide-poisoned smoke inhalation victims. Also indicative of cyanide poisoning is a plasma lactate concentration greater than or equal to 10 mmol/L (a value higher than that typically listed in the table of signs and symptoms of isolated cyanide poisoning because carbon monoxide associated with smoke inhalation also contributes to lactic acidemia). If cyanide poisoning is suspected, treatment should not be delayed to obtain a plasma lactate concentration.
Caution should be exercised when administering cyanide antidotes, other than Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate, simultaneously with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection, as the safety of co-administration has not been established. If a decision is made to administer another cyanide antidote, other than Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate, with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection, these drugs should not be administered concurrently in the same IV line. [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]
Age | Intravenous Dose of Zegerid Chewable Nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Thiosulfate |
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Adults |
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Children |
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Redosing: If signs of cyanide poisoning reappear, repeat treatment using one-half the original dose of both Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate.
Monitoring: Blood pressure must be monitored during treatment. (2.2)
Comprehensive treatment of acute cyanide intoxication requires support of vital functions. Administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite, followed by Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate, should be considered adjunctive to appropriate supportive therapies. Airway, ventilatory and circulatory support, and oxygen administration should not be delayed to administer Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite injection and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate injection are administered by slow intravenous injection. They should be given as early as possible after a diagnosis of acute life-threatening cyanide poisoning has been established. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should be administered first, followed immediately by Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate. Blood pressure must be monitored during infusion in both adults and children. The rate of infusion should be decreased if significant hypotension is noted.
Age | Intravenous Dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Thiosulfate |
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Adults |
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Children |
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NOTE: If signs of poisoning reappear, repeat treatment using one-half the original dose of both Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate.
In adult and pediatric patients with known anemia, it is recommended that the dosage of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should be reduced proportionately to the hemoglobin concentration.
All parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Patients should be monitored for at least 24-48 hours after Zegerid Chewable Nitrite Injection administration for adequacy of oxygenation and perfusion and for recurrent signs and symptoms of cyanide toxicity. When possible, hemoglobin/hematocrit should be obtained when treatment is initiated. Measurements of oxygen saturation using standard pulse oximetry and calculated oxygen saturation values based on measured PO2 are unreliable in the presence of methemoglobinemia.
Methemoglobin level: Administrations of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite solely to achieve an arbitrary level of methemoglobinemia may be unnecessary and potentially hazardous. The therapeutic effects of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite do not appear to be mediated by methemoglobin formation alone and clinical responses to Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administration have been reported in association with methemoglobin levels of less than 10%. Administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite beyond the initial dose should be guided primarily by clinical response to treatment (i.e., a second dose should be considered only if there is inadequate clinical response to the first dose). It is generally recommended that methemoglobin concentrations be closely monitored and kept below 30%. Serum methemoglobin levels should be monitored during treatment using co-oximetry, and administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should generally be discontinued when methemoglobin levels exceed 30%. Intravenous methylene blue and exchange transfusion have been reported in the literature as treatments for life-threatening methemoglobinemia.
Chemical incompatibility has been reported between Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and hydroxocobalamin and these drugs should not be administered simultaneously through the same IV line. No chemical incompatibility has been reported between Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite, when administered sequentially through the same IV line as described in Dosage and Administration.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection consists of:
Administration of the contents of one vial constitutes a single dose.
None
Supportive care alone may be sufficient treatment without administration of antidotes for many cases of cyanide intoxication, particularly in conscious patients without signs of severe toxicity. Patients should be closely monitored to ensure adequate perfusion and oxygenation during treatment with Zegerid Chewable nitrite.
Methemoglobin levels should be monitored and oxygen administered during treatment with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite whenever possible. When Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is administered to humans a wide range of methemoglobin concentrations occur. Methemoglobin concentrations as high as 58% have been reported after two 300-mg doses of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administered to an adult. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should be used with caution in the presence of other drugs that may cause methemoglobinemia such as procaine and nitroprusside. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients who may be particularly susceptible to injury from vasodilation and its related hemodynamic sequelae. Hemodynamics should be monitored closely during and after administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite, and infusion rates should be slowed if hypotension occurs.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients with known anemia. Patients with anemia will form more methemoglobin (as a percentage of total hemoglobin) than persons with normal red blood cell (RBC) volumes. Optimally, these patients should receive a Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite dose that is reduced in proportion to their oxygen carrying capacity.
Zegerid Chewable nitrite should be used with caution in persons with smoke inhalation injury or carbon monoxide poisoning because of the potential for worsening hypoxia due to methemoglobin formation.
Neonates and infants may be more susceptible than adults and older pediatric patients to severe methemoglobinemia when Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is administered. Reduced dosing guidelines should be followed in pediatric patients.
Because patients with G6PD deficiency are at increased risk of a hemolytic crisis with Zegerid Chewable nitrite administration, alternative therapeutic approaches should be considered in these patients. Patients with known or suspected G6PD deficiency should be monitored for an acute drop in hematocrit. Exchange transfusion may be needed for patients with G6PD deficiency who receive Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite should be used with caution in the presence of concomitant antihypertensive medications, diuretics or volume depletion due to diuretics, or drugs known to increase vascular nitric oxide, such as PDE5 inhibitors.
There have been no controlled clinical trials conducted to systematically assess the adverse events profile of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite.
The medical literature has reported the following adverse events in association with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administration. These adverse events were not reported in the context of controlled trials or with consistent monitoring and reporting methodologies for adverse events. Therefore, frequency of occurrence of these adverse events cannot be assessed.
Cardiovascular system: syncope, hypotension, tachycardia, methemoglobinemia, palpitations, dysrhythmia
Hematological: methemoglobinemia
Central nervous system: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, seizures, confusion, coma
Gastrointestinal system: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Respiratory system: tachypnea, dyspnea
Body as a Whole: anxiety, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, injection site tingling, cyanosis, acidosis, fatigue, weakness, urticaria, generalized numbness and tingling
Severe hypotension, methemoglobinemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, coma and death have been reported in patients without life-threatening cyanide poisoning but who were treated with injection of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite at doses less than twice those recommended for the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Most common adverse reactions are:
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hope Pharmaceuticals at 1-800-755-9595 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection.
Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category C.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite has caused fetal death in humans as well as animals. There are no studies in humans that have directly evaluated the potential reproductive toxicity of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite. There are two epidemiological studies conducted in Australia that report a statistically significant increase in the risk for congenital malformations, particularly in the CNS, associated with maternal consumption of water containing nitrate levels in excess of 5 ppm. Results from a case-control study in Canada suggested a trend toward an increase in the risk for CNS malformations when maternal consumption of nitrate was ≥ 26 ppm (not statistically significant).
The potential reproductive toxicity of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite exposure restricted to the prenatal period has been reported in guinea pigs, mice, and rats. There was no evidence of teratogenicity in guinea pigs, mice, or rats. However, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite treatment of pregnant guinea pigs with 60 or 70 mg/kg/day resulted in abortion of the litters within 1-4 days of treatment. All animals treated subcutaneously with 70 mg/kg, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite died within 60 minutes of treatment. Further studies demonstrated that a dose of 60 mg/kg resulted in measurable blood levels of methemoglobin in the dams and their fetuses for up to 6 hours post treatment. Maternal methemoglobin levels were higher than the levels in the offspring at all times measured. Based on a body surface area comparison, a 60 mg/kg dose in the guinea pig that resulted in death was only 1.7 times higher than the highest clinical dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning (based on a body surface area comparison).
Studies testing prenatal and postnatal exposure have been reported in mice and rats. Treatment of pregnant rats via drinking water with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite at concentrations of either 2000 or 3000 mg/L resulted in a dose-related increased mortality postpartum. This exposure regimen in the rat model would result in dosing of approximately 220 and 300 mg/kg/day (43 and 65 times the highest clinical dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning, based on a body surface area comparison).
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite produces methemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin more easily than adult hemoglobin. In addition, the fetus has lower levels of methemoglobin reductase than adults. Collectively, these data suggest that the human fetus would show greater sensitivity to methemoglobin resulting in nitrite-induced prenatal hypoxia leading to retarded development of certain neurotransmitter systems in the brain and long lasting dysfunction.
Nonteratogenic Effects: Behavioral and neurodevelopmental studies in rats suggest persistent effects of prenatal exposure to Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite that were detectable postnatally. Specifically, animals that were exposed prenatally to Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite demonstrated impaired discrimination learning behavior (both auditory and visual) and reduced long-term retention of the passive-avoidance response compared to control animals. Additional studies demonstrated a delay in the development of AchE and 5-HT positive fiber ingrowth into the hippocampal dentate gyrus and parietal neocortex during the first week of life of prenatal nitrite treated pups. These changes have been attributed to prenatal hypoxia following nitrite exposure.
Because fetal hemoglobin is more readily oxidized to methemoglobin and lower levels of methemoglobin appear to be fatal to the fetus compared to the adult, Zegerid Chewable nitrite should be used during labor and delivery only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
It is not known whether Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is excreted in human milk. Because Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection may be administered in life-threatening situations, breast-feeding is not a contraindication to its use. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised following Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection administration to a nursing woman. There are no data to determine when breastfeeding may be safely restarted following administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite. In studies conducted with Long-Evans rats, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administered in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation resulted in severe anemia, reduced growth and increased mortality in the offspring.
There are case reports in the medical literature of Zegerid Chewable nitrite in conjunction with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate being administered to pediatric patients with cyanide poisoning; however, there have been no clinical studies to evaluate the safety or efficacy of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite in the pediatric population. As for adult patients, dosing recommendations for pediatric patients have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite must be used with caution in patients less than 6 months of age because they may be at higher risk of developing severe methemoglobinemia compared to older children and adults. The presence of fetal hemoglobin, which is oxidized to methemoglobin more easily than adult hemoglobin, and lower methemoglobin reductase levels compared to older children and adults may contribute to risk.
Mortality attributed to Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite was reported following administration of an adult dose (300 mg IV followed by a second dose of 150 mg) to a 17-month old child.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Large doses of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite result in severe hypotension and toxic levels of methemoglobin which may lead to cardiovascular collapse.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administration has been reported to cause or significantly contribute to mortality in adults at oral doses as low as 1 g and intravenous doses as low as 600 mg. A death attributed to Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite has been reported following administration of an adult dose (300 mg IV followed by a second dose of 150 mg) to a 17-month old child.
Cyanosis may become apparent at a methemoglobin level of 10-20%. Other clinical signs and symptoms of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite toxicity (anxiety, dyspnea, nausea, and tachycardia) can be apparent at methemoglobin levels as low as 15%. More serious signs and symptoms, including cardiac dysrhythmias, circulatory failure, and central nervous system depression are seen as methemoglobin levels increase, and levels above 70% are usually fatal.
Treatment of overdose involves supplemental oxygen and supportive measures such as exchange transfusion. Treatment of severe methemoglobinemia with intravenous methylene blue has been described in the medical literature; however, this may also cause release of cyanide bound to methemoglobin. Because hypotension appears to be mediated primarily by an increase in venous capacitance, measures to increase venous return may be most appropriate to treat hypotension.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite has the chemical name nitrous acid Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) salt. The chemical formula is NaNO2 and the molecular weight is 69.0. The structural formula is:
Structure of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite Injection is a cyanide antidote which contains one 10 mL glass vial of a 3% solution of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite injection.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite injection is a sterile aqueous solution and is intended for intravenous injection. Each vial contains 300 mg of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite in 10 mL solution (30 mg/mL). Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite injection is a clear solution with a pH between 7.0 and 9.0.
Exposure to a high dose of cyanide can result in death within minutes due to the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase resulting in arrest of cellular respiration. Specifically, cyanide binds rapidly with cytochrome a3, a component of the cytochrome c oxidase complex in mitochondria. Inhibition of cytochrome a3 prevents the cell from using oxygen and forces anaerobic metabolism, resulting in lactate production, cellular hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. In massive acute cyanide poisoning, the mechanism of toxicity may involve other enzyme systems as well.
The synergy resulting from treatment of cyanide poisoning with the combination of Zegerid Chewable nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate is the result of differences in their primary mechanisms of action as antidotes for cyanide poisoning.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is thought to exert its therapeutic effect by reacting with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, an oxidized form of hemoglobin incapable of oxygen transport but with high affinity for cyanide. Cyanide preferentially binds to methemoglobin over cytochrome a3, forming the nontoxic cyanomethemoglobin. Methemoglobin displaces cyanide from cytochrome oxidase, allowing resumption of aerobic metabolism. The chemical reaction is as follows:
NaNO2 + Hemoglobin → Methemoglobin
HCN + Methemoglobin → Cyanomethemoglobin
Vasodilation has also been cited to account for at least part of the therapeutic effect of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite. It has been suggested that Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia may be more efficacious against cyanide poisoning than comparable levels of methemoglobinemia induced by other oxidants. Also, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite appears to retain some efficacy even when the formation of methemoglobin is inhibited by methylene blue.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Thiosulfate
The primary route of endogenous cyanide detoxification is by enzymatic transulfuration to thiocyanate (SCN-), which is relatively nontoxic and readily excreted in the urine. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate is thought to serve as a sulfur donor in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, thus enhancing the endogenous detoxification of cyanide in the following chemical reaction:
Chemical Structure
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite
When 4 mg/kg Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite was administered intravenously to six healthy human volunteers, the mean peak methemoglobin concentration was 7%, achieved at 30-60 minutes after injection, consistent with reports in cyanide poisoning victims. Supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures dropped approximately 20% within 10 minutes, a drop which was sustained throughout the 40 minutes of testing. This was associated with a 20 beat per minute increase in pulse rate that returned to baseline in 10 minutes. Five of these subjects were unable to withstand orthostatic testing due to fainting. One additional subject, who received a 12 mg/kg dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite, experienced severe cardiovascular effects and achieved a peak methemoglobin concentration of 30% at 60 minutes following injection.
Oral doses of 120 to 180 mg of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administered to healthy volunteers caused minimal cardiovascular changes when subjects were maintained in the horizontal position. However, minutes after being placed in the upright position subjects exhibited tachycardia and hypotension with syncope.
The half life for conversion of methemoglobin to normal hemoglobin in a cyanide poisoning victim who has been administered Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is estimated to be 55 minutes.
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is a strong oxidant, and reacts rapidly with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin. The pharmacokinetics of free Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite in humans have not been well studied. It has been reported that approximately 40% of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is excreted unchanged in the urine while the remaining 60% is metabolized to ammonia and related small molecules.
Cyanide
The apparent terminal elimination half life and volume of distribution of cyanide, in a patient treated for an acute cyanide poisoning with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate administration, have been reported to be 19 hours and 0.41 L/kg, respectively. Additionally, an initial elimination half life of cyanide has been reported to be approximately 1-3 hours.
Thiocyanate
After detoxification, in healthy subjects, thiocyanate is excreted mainly in the urine at a rate inversely proportional to creatinine clearance. In healthy subjects, the elimination half-life and volume of distribution of thiocyanate have been reported to be 2.7 days and 0.25 L/kg, respectively. However, in subjects with renal insufficiency the reported elimination half life is approximately 9 days.
The potential benefit of an acute exposure to Zegerid Chewable nitrite as part of a cyanide antidote outweighs concerns raised by the equivocal findings in chronic rodent studies. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite (0, 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 0, 35, 70, or 130 mg/kg for males and 0, 40, 80, or 150 mg/kg for females) was orally administered to rats (Fischer 344 strain) for 2 years via drinking water. There were no significant increases in the incidence of tumor in either male or female rats. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite (0, 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 0, 60, 120, or 220 mg/kg for males and 0, 45, 90, or 165 mg/kg for females) was administered to B6C3F1 mice for 2 years via the drinking water. Equivocal results were obtained in female mice. Specifically, there was a positive trend toward an increase in the incidence of squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma in the forestomach of female mice. Although the incidence of hyperplasia of the glandular stomach epithelium was significantly greater in the high-dose male mice compared to controls, there were no significant increases in tumors in the male mice. Numerous reports in the published literature indicate that Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite may react in vivo with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach. Concurrent exposure to Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and secondary amines in feed or drinking water resulted in an increase in the incidence of tumors in rodents.
Mutagenesis
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite is mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA1530, TA1535 with and without metabolic activation; however, it was negative in strain TA98, TA102, DJ460 and E. coli strain WP2UVRA/PKM101. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite has been reported to be genotoxic to V79 hamster cells in vitro and in the mouse lymphoma assay, both assays conducted in the absence of metabolic activation. Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite was negative in the in vitro chromosomal aberrations assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Acute administration of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite to male rats or male mice did not produce an increased incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow. Likewise, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite administration to mice for 14-weeks did not result in an increase in the incidence of micronuclei in the peripheral blood.
Fertility
Clinical studies to evaluate the potential effects of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite intake on fertility of either males or females have not been reported. In contrast, multigenerational fertility and reproduction studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program did not detect any evidence of an effect of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite (0.0, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24% weight/volume) on either fertility or any reproductive parameter in Swiss CD-1 mice. This treatment protocol resulted in approximate doses of 125, 260, and 425 mg/kg/day. The highest exposure in this mouse study is 4.6 times greater than the highest clinical dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning (based on a body surface area comparison).
Due to the extreme toxicity of cyanide, experimental evaluation of treatment efficacy has predominantly been completed in animal models. The efficacy of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate treatment alone to counteract the toxicity of cyanide was initially reported in 1895 by Lang. The efficacy of amyl nitrite treatment in cyanide poisoning of the dog model was first reported in 1888 by Pedigo. Further studies in the dog model, which demonstrated the utility of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite as a therapeutic intervention, were reported in 1929 by Mladoveanu and Gheorghiu. However, Hugs and Chen et al. independently reported upon the superior efficacy of the combination of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate in 1932-1933. Treatment consisted of intravenously administered 22.5 mg/kg (half the lethal dose) Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite or 1 g/kg Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate alone or in sequence immediately after subcutaneous injection of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) cyanide into dogs over a range of doses. Subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and/or 0.5 g/kg Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate were administered when clinical signs or symptoms of poisoning persisted or reappeared. Either therapy administered alone increased the dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) cyanide required to cause death, and when administered together, Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate resulted in a synergistic effect in raising the lethal dose of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) cyanide. The combined therapy appeared to have reduced efficacy when therapy was delayed until signs of poisoning (e.g. convulsions) appeared; however, other investigators have reported survival in dogs that were administered antidotal treatment after respiratory arrest had occurred.
Animal studies conducted in other species (e.g., rat, guinea pig, sheep, pigeon and cat) have also supported a synergistic effect of intravenous Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
While intravenous injection of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite and Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate was effective in reversing the effects of lethal doses of cyanide in dogs, intramuscular injection of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite, with or without Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate, was found not to be effective in the same setting.
The human data supporting the use of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite for cyanide poisoning consists primarily of published case reports. There are no randomized controlled clinical trials. Nearly all the human data describing the use of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) thiosulfate report its use in conjunction with Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite. Dosing recommendations for humans have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.
There have been no human studies to prospectively and systematically evaluate the safety of Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) nitrite in humans. Available human safety information is based largely on anecdotal case reports and case series of limited scope.
Each Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite carton (NDC 60267-311-10) consists of the following:
Storage
Store at controlled room temperature between 20°C and 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F). Protect from direct light. Do not freeze.
(Note: Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Thiosulfate must be obtained separately.)
Zegerid Chewable Nitrite Injection is indicated for acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening and in this setting, patients will likely be unresponsive or may have difficulty in comprehending counseling information.
When feasible, patients should be informed of the possibility of life-threatening hypotension and methemoglobin formation.
Where feasible, patients should be informed of the need for close monitoring of blood pressure and oxygenation.
Manufactured by Cangene BioPharma, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21230 for
Hope Pharmaceuticals, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mL Vial Carton
NDC 60267-311-10
Rx Only
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Nitrite
Injection, USP
300 mg/10 mL
(30 mg/mL)
FOR INTRAVENOUS USE
SINGLE USE ONLY
Any unused portion of a vial
should be discarded.
Use with
Zegerid Chewable (Sodium Bicarbonate) Thiosulfate
for Treatment of
Cyanide Poisoning
Manufactured by
CANGENE bioPharma, Inc.
Baltimore, MD for
HOPE
PHARMACEUTICALS®
Scottsdale, AZ 85260 U.S.A.
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mL Vial Carton
Depending on the reaction of the Zegerid Chewable after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Zegerid Chewable not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Zegerid Chewable addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology