Uro Duoctrim

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Uro Duoctrim uses

Uro Duoctrim consists of Phenazopyridine, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim.

Phenazopyridine:


INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) is indicated for the symptomatic relief of pain, burning, urgency, frequency, and other discomforts arising from irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infection, trauma, surgery, endoscopic procedures, or the passage of sounds or catheters. The use of Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl for relief of symptoms should not delay definitive diagnosis and treatment of causative conditions. Because it provides only symptomatic relief, prompt appropriate treatment of the cause of pain must be instituted and Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl should be discontinued when symptoms are controlled.

The analgesic action may reduce or eliminate the need for systemic analgesics or narcotics. It is, however, compatible with antibacterial therapy and can help to relieve pain and discomfort during the interval before antibacterial therapy controls the infection. Treatment of a urinary tract infection with Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl should not exceed two days because there is a lack of evidence that the combined administration of Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl and an antibacterial provides greater benefit than administration of the antibacterial alone after two days. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.)

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl should not be used in patients who have previously exhibited sensitivity to it. The use of Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Headache, rash, pruritus and occasional gastrointestinal disturbance. At anaphylactoid-like reaction has been described. Methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, renal and hepatic toxicity have been reported, usually at overdosage levels (see OVERDOSAGE section).

PRECAUTIONS

precautions

General:

A yellowish tinge of the skin or sclera may indicate accumulation due to impaired renal excretion and the need to discontinue therapy. The decline in renal function associated with advanced age should be kept in mind.

NOTE: Patients should be informed that Uro Duoctrim HCl produces a reddish-orange discoloration of the urine and may stain fabric. Staining of contact lenses has been reported.

Laboratory Test Interaction:

Due to its properties as an azo dye, Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl may interfere with urinalysis based on spectrometry or color reactions.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Long-term administration of Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl has induced neoplasia in rats (large intestine) and mice (liver).

Although no association between Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl and human neoplasia has been reported, adequate epidemiological studies along these lines have not been conducted.

Pregnancy Category B:

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at doses up to 50 mg/kg/day and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl. There are, however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Nursing mothers:

No information is available on the appearance of Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl, or its metabolites in human milk.

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DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

100 mg Tablets: Average adult dosage is two tablets 3 times a day after meals.

200 mg Tablets: Average adult dosage is one tablet 3 times a day after meals.

When used concomitantly with an antibacterial agent for the treatment of a urinary tract infection, the administration of Uro Duoctrim (Phenazopyridine) HCl should not exceed 2 days.

OVERDOSAGE

Exceeding the recommended dose in patients with good renal function or administering the usual dose to patients with impaired renal function (common in elderly patients) may lead to increased serum levels and toxic reactions. Methemoglobinemia generally follows a massive, acute overdose. Methylene blue, 1 to 2 mg/kg/body weight intravenously or ascorbic acid 100 to 200 mg given orally should cause prompt reduction of the methemoglobinemia and disappearance of the cyanosis which is an aid in diagnosis. Oxidative Heinz body hemolytic anemia may also occur, and “bite cells” (degmacytes) may be present in a chronic overdosage situation. Red blood cell G-6-PD deficiency may predispose to hemolysis. Renal and hepatic impairment and occasional failure, usually due to hypersensitivity, may also occur.

HOW SUPPLIED

100 mg Tablets: Supplied in bottles of 100 (NDC 60846-501-01) counts.

Appearance: Deep brown to maroon colored, round, film coated tablets debossed "PY" above "1" on one side and plain on the other.

200 mg Tablets: Supplied in bottles of 1-- (NDC 60846-502-01) counts.

Appearance: Deep brown to maroon colored, round, film coated tablets debossed "PY" above "2" on one side and plain on the other.

DISPENSE contents with a child-resistant closure (as required) and in a tight container as defined in the USP.

STORE at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).

Manufactured for:

Gemini Laboratories, LLC

Bridgewater, NJ 08807

Rev. 05-2015-01

Sulfamethoxazole:


A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)

Indication: For the treatment bacterial infections causing bronchitis, prostatitis and urinary tract infections.

Uro Duoctrim (Sulfamethoxazole) is a sulfonamide drug that inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for binding to dihydropteroate synthetase (dihydrofolate synthetase). Uro Duoctrim (Sulfamethoxazole) is bacteriostatic in nature. Inhibition of dihydrofolic acid synthesis decreases the synthesis of bacterial nucleotides and DNA. Uro Duoctrim (Sulfamethoxazole) is normally given in combination with Trimethoprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, which inhibits the reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. Studies have shown that bacterial resistance develops more slowly with the combination of the two drugs than with either Trimethoprim or Uro Duoctrim (Sulfamethoxazole) alone.

Trimethoprim:


INDICATIONS AND USAGE

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP and other antibacterial drugs, Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

For the treatment of initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections due to susceptible strains of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, including S. saprophyticus.

Cultures and susceptibility tests should be performed to determine the susceptibility of the bacteria to Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim). Therapy may be initiated prior to obtaining the results of these tests.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) is contraindicated in individuals hypersensitive to Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) and in those with documented megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency.

WARNINGS

Serious hypersensitivity reactions have been reported rarely in patients on Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) therapy. Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) has been reported rarely to interfere with hematopoiesis, especially when administered in large doses and/or for prolonged periods.

The presence of clinical signs such as sore throat, fever, pallor, or purpura may be early indications of serious blood disorders (see OVERDOSAGE, Chronic).

Complete blood counts should be obtained if any of these signs are noted in a patient receiving Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) and the drug discontinued if a significant reduction in the count of any formed blood element is found.

Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antiobiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

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PRECAUTIONS

General

Prescribing Uro Duoctrim tablets, USP in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) should be given with caution to patients with possible folate deficiency. Folates may be administered concomitantly without interfering with the antibacterial action of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim). Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) should also be given with caution to patients with impaired renal or hepatic function (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Information for Patients

Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP or other antibacterial drugs in the future.

Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with and without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

Drug Interactions

Uro Duoctrim may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of phenytoin. Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim), given at a common clinical dosage, increased the phenytoin half-life by 51% and decreased the phenytoin metabolic clearance rate by 30%. When administering these drugs concurrently, one should be alert for possible excessive phenytoin effect.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions

Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) can interfere with a serum methotrexate assay as determined by the Competitive Binding Protein Technique (CBPA) when a bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is used as the binding protein. No interference occurs, however, if methotrexate is measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA).

The presence of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) may also interfere with the Jaffé alkaline picrate reaction assay for creatinine, resulting in overestimations of about 10% in the range of normal values.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis

Long-term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been conducted with Uro Duoctrim.

Mutagenesis

Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) was demonstrated to be nonmutagenic in the Ames assay. In studies at two laboratories, no chromosomal damage was detected in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells at concentrations approximately 500 times human plasma levels; at concentrations approximately 1000 times human plasma levels in these same cells, a low level of chromosomal damage was induced at one of the laboratories. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in cultured human leukocytes at concentrations of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) up to 20 times human steady-state plasma levels. No chromosomal effects were detected in peripheral lymphocytes of human subjects receiving 320 mg of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) in combination with up to 1600 mg of sulfamethoxazole per day for as long as 112 weeks.

Impairment of Fertility

No adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance were observed in rats given Uro Duoctrim in oral dosages as high as 70 mg/kg/day for males and 14 mg/kg/day for females.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy category C

Uro Duoctrim has been shown to be teratogenic in the rat when given in doses 40 times the human dose. In some rabbit studies, the overall increase in fetal loss (dead and resorbed and malformed conceptuses) was associated with doses six times the human therapeutic dose.

While there are no large, well-controlled studies on the use of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) in pregnant women, Brumfitt and Pursell,3 in a retrospective study, reported the outcome of 186 pregnancies during which the mother received either placebo or Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) in combination with sulfamethoxazole. The incidence of congenital abnormalities was 4.5% (3 of 66) in those who received placebo and 3.3% (4 of 120) in those receiving Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) and sulfamethoxazole. There were no abnormalities in the 10 children whose mothers received the drug during the first trimester. In a separate survey, Brumfitt and Pursell also found no congenital abnormalities in 35 children whose mothers had received Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) and sulfamethoxazole at the time of conception or shortly thereafter.

Because Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) may interfere with folic acid metabolism, Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Nonteratogenic Effects

The oral administration of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) to rats at a dose of 70 mg/kg/day commencing with the last third of gestation and continuing through parturition and lactation caused no deleterious effects on gestation or pup growth and survival.

Nursing Mothers

Uro Duoctrim is excreted in human milk. Because Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) may interfere with folic acid metabolism, caution should be exercised when Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 months have not been established. The effectiveness of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) as a single agent has not been established in pediatric patients under 12 years of age.

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience4,5 has not identified differences in response between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Case reports of hyperkalemia in elderly patients receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have been published.6 Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor potassium concentrations and to monitor renal function by calculating creatinine clearance.

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ADVERSE REACTIONS

The adverse effects encountered most often with Uro Duoctrim were rash and pruritus.

Dermatologic

Rash, pruritus, and phototoxic skin eruptions. At the recommended dosage regimens of 100 mg b.i.d. or 200 mg q.d., each for 10 days, the incidence of rash is 2.9% to 6.7%. In clinical studies which employed high doses of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim), an elevated incidence of rash was noted. These rashes were maculopapular, morbilliform, pruritic, and generally mild to moderate, appearing 7 to 14 days after the initiation of therapy.

Hypersensitivity

Rare reports of exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and anaphylaxis have been received.

Gastrointestinal

Epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, and glossitis. Elevation of serum transaminase and bilirubin has been noted, but the significance of this finding is unknown. Cholestatic jaundice has been rarely reported.

Hematologic

Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, megaloblastic anemia, and methemoglobinemia.

Metabolic

Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia.

Neurologic

Aseptic meningitis has been rarely reported.

Miscellaneous

Fever, and increases in BUN and serum creatinine levels.

OVERDOSAGE

Acute

Signs of acute overdosage with Uro Duoctrim may appear following ingestion of 1 gram or more of the drug and include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headaches, mental depression, confusion, and bone marrow depression (see Chronic subsection).

Treatment consists of gastric lavage and general supportive measures. Acidification of the urine will increase renal elimination of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim). Peritoneal dialysis is not effective and hemodialysis is only moderately effective in eliminating the drug.

Chronic

Use of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) at high doses and/or for extended periods of time may cause bone marrow depression manifested as thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and/or megaloblastic anemia. If signs of bone marrow depression occur, Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) should be discontinued and the patient should be given leucovorin; 5 to 15 mg leucovorin daily has been recommended by some investigators.

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DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The usual oral adult dosage is 100 mg of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) every 12 hours or 200 mg of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) every 24 hours, each for 10 days. The use of Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) in patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 15 mL/min is not recommended. For patients with a creatinine clearance of 15 to 30 mL/min, the dose should be 50 mg every 12 hours.

HOW SUPPLIED

Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) tablets, USP, 100 mg: White, round, convex tablet, debossed “9”, scored, “3” on one side and debossed “21 58” on the other, in bottles of 100.

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP with a child-resistant closure (as required).

REFERENCES

  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Tenth Edition. CLSI document M07-A10 [2015], Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-Twelfth Edition. CLSI document M02-A12 [2015], Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.
  • Brumfitt W, Pursell R. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of bacteriuria in women. J Infect Dis. 1973;128(suppl): S657-S663.
  • Lacey RW, Simpson MHC, Fawcett C, et al. Comparison of single-dose Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) with a five-day course for the treatment of urinary tract infections in the elderly. Age and Ageing 10: 179-185, 1981.
  • Ewer TC, Bailey RR, Gilchrist NL, et al. Comparative study of norfloxacin and Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim) for the treatment of elderly patients with urinary tract infection. NZ Med J 101: 537-539, 1988.
  • Marinella MA. Trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia: An analysis of reported cases. Gerontology 45: 209-212, 1999.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-sixth Informational Supplement, CLSI document M100-S26 [2016], Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.

Manufactured In Canada By:

TEVA CANADA LIMITED

Toronto, Canada M1B 2K9

Manufactured For:

TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.

North Wales, PA 19454

Rev. K 6/2016

NDC 0093-2158-01

Uro Duoctrim (Trimethoprim)

Tablets USP

100 mg

Rx only

100 TABLETS

TEVA

Uro Duoctrim pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


Uro Duoctrim available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


Uro Duoctrim destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


Uro Duoctrim Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


Uro Duoctrim pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. Dailymed."TRIMETHOPRIM TABLET [TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. Dailymed."PYRIDIUM (PHENAZOPYRIDINE) TABLET, FILM COATED [GEMINI LABORATORIES, LLC]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. Dailymed."SULFAMETHOXAZOLE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Uro Duoctrim?

Depending on the reaction of the Uro Duoctrim after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Uro Duoctrim not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Uro Duoctrim addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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sdrugs.com conducted a study on Uro Duoctrim, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Uro Duoctrim consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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