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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Alcohol:
Petrolatum 85%
Dimethicone 1.5%
Skin Protectant
Temporarily protects minor - cuts - scrapes - burns -- Helps prevent, temporarily protects, and helps relieve chafed, chapped or cracked skin. Helps prevent and protect from the drying effects of wind and cold weather.
For external use only.
- deep or puncture wounds - animal bites - serious burns
do not get into eyes.
- condition worsens - symptoms last more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within few days.
Apply as needed.
If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Store in a cool dry place with lid closed tightly
Diazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben, Propylene Glycol, Propylparaben, Zinc Stearate
(800) 345-2231
SkinLube
Caffeine:
Active ingredient (in each tablet)
Tonikum (Caffeine) 200mg
Purpose
Alertness aid
Use
Warnings
For occasional use only
Do not use
When using this product limit the use of Tonikum (Caffeine) containing medications, foods, or beverages because too much Tonikum (Caffeine) may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, and occasionally, rapid heartbeat. The recommended dose of this product contains about as much Tonikum (Caffeine) as a cup of coffee.
Stop use and ask a doctor if fatigue or drowsiness persists or continues to recur
If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use.
Keep out of reach of children.
In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Directions
Other information
Inactive ingredients
carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, D&C yellow #10 aluminum lake, dextrose, FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, starch, titanium dioxide
Questions or comments?
Call toll-free 1-855-874-0970 weekdays
Display Panel Tonikum (Caffeine): 16 ct. Package
Tonikum (Caffeine)®
CAFFEINE ALERTNESS AID
16 TABLETS
200mg each
FUNCTIONAL Tonikum (Caffeine)® for Mental Alertness
SAFE & EFFECTIVE
One tablet is equal to about a cup of coffee
Tonikum (Caffeine)®
Making the Most of Every Day.®
Tamper Evident Feature: individually sealed in foil for your protection. Do not
use if foil or plastic bubble is torn or punctured.
Vivarin®, Vivarin® and design, stylization and trade dress, and FUNCTIONAL
CAFFEINE® are registered trademarks of Meda AB.
Distributed by:
Meda Consumer Healthcare Inc.
Marietta, GA 30062 ©2011 Meda AB
www.vivarin.com
16 ct. Package
Display Panel Tonikum (Caffeine): 40 ct. Package
SAFE & EFFECTIVE
FUNCTIONAL Tonikum (Caffeine)® for Mental Alertness
Tonikum (Caffeine)®
Tonikum (Caffeine) ALERTNESS AID
40 Tablets
200mg each
FUNCTIONAL Tonikum (Caffeine)® for Mental Alertness
Tamper Evident Feature: Individually sealed in foil for your protection. Do not use if foil or plastic bubble is torn or punctured.
VIVARIN® helps restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness (FDA approved uses), so you can accomplish all the things you want to do and all the things you need to do.
Vivarin®, Vivarin® and design, stylization and trade dress, and FUNCTIONAL
CAFFEINE® are registered trademarks of Meda AB.
Made in the U.S.A.
Tonikum (Caffeine)®
Making the Most of Every Day.®
Distributed by:
Meda Consumer Healthcare Inc.
Marietta, GA 30062 ©2013 Meda AB
www.vivarin.com
40 ct. Package
Magnesium Aspartate:
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate
Injection, USP
Ansyr Plastic Syringe
Rx only
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile solution of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate heptahydrate in Water for Injection, USP administered by the intravenous or intramuscular routes as an electrolyte replenisher or anticonvulsant. Must be diluted before intravenous use. May contain sulfuric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. The pH is 5.5 to 7.0. The 50% concentration has an osmolarity of 4.06 mOsmol/mL (calc.).
The solution contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer (except for pH adjustment) and is intended only for use as a single-dose injection. When smaller doses are required the unused portion should be discarded with the entire unit.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate, USP heptahydrate is chemically designated MgSO4 - 7H2O with molecular weight of 246.48 and occurs as colorless crystals or white powder freely soluble in water.
The plastic syringe is molded from a specially formulated polypropylene. Water permeates from inside the container at an extremely slow rate which will have an insignificant effect on solution concentration over the expected shelf life. Solutions in contact with the plastic container may leach out certain chemical components from the plastic in very small amounts; however, biological testing was supportive of the safety of the syringe material.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) (Mg++) is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions and plays an important role in neurochemical transmission and muscular excitability.
As a nutritional adjunct in hyperalimentation, the precise mechanism of action for Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) is uncertain. Early symptoms of hypomagnesemia (less than 1.5 mEq/liter) may develop as early as three to four days or within weeks.
Predominant deficiency effects are neurological, e.g., muscle irritability, clonic twitching and tremors. Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia often follow low serum levels of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate). While there are large stores of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) present intracellularly and in the bones of adults, these stores often are not mobilized sufficiently to maintain plasma levels. Parenteral Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) therapy repairs the plasma deficit and causes deficiency symptoms and signs to cease.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) prevents or controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular transmission and decreasing the amount of acetylcholine liberated at the end plate by the motor nerve impulse. Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) is said to have a depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS), but it does not adversely affect the woman, fetus or neonate when used as directed in eclampsia or pre-eclampsia. Normal plasma Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) levels range from 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/liter.
As plasma Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) rises above 4 mEq/liter, the deep tendon reflexes are first decreased and then disappear as the plasma level approaches 10 mEq/liter. At this level respiratory paralysis may occur. Heart block also may occur at this or lower plasma levels of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate). Serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) concentrations in excess of 12 mEq/L may be fatal.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) acts peripherally to produce vasodilation. With low doses only flushing and sweating occur, but larger doses cause lowering of blood pressure. The central and peripheral effects of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) poisoning are antagonized to some extent by intravenous administration of calcium.
Pharmacokinetics
With intravenous administration the onset of anticonvulsant action is immediate and lasts about 30 minutes. Following intramuscular administration the onset of action occurs in about one hour and persists for three to four hours. Effective anticonvulsant serum levels range from 2.5 to 7.5 mEq/liter. Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) is excreted solely by the kidneys at a rate proportional to the plasma concentration and glomerular filtration.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate Injection, USP is suitable for replacement therapy in Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) deficiency, especially in acute hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany similar to those observed in hypocalcemia. In such cases, the serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) (Mg++) level is usually below the lower limit of normal (1.5 to 2.5 mEq/liter) and the serum calcium (Ca++) level is normal (4.3 to 5.3 mEq/liter) or elevated.
In total parenteral nutrition (TPN), Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate may be added to the nutrient admixture to correct or prevent hypomagnesemia which can arise during the course of therapy.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate Injection, USP is also indicated for the prevention and control of seizures (convulsions) in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, respectively.
Parenteral administration of the drug is contraindicated in patients with heart block or myocardial damage.
FETAL HARM: Continuous administration of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women can lead to hypocalcemia and bone abnormalities in the developing fetus. These bone abnormalities include skeletal demineralization and osteopenia. In addition, cases of neonatal fracture have been reported. The shortest duration of treatment that can lead to fetal harm is not known. Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate is given for treatment of preterm labor, the woman should be informed that the efficacy and safety of such use have not been established and that use of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days may cause fetal abnormalities.
ALUMINUM TOXICITY: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
Parenteral use in the presence of renal insufficiency may lead to Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) intoxication. Intravenous use in the eclampsia should be reserved for immediate control of life-threatening convulsions.
General
Administer with caution if flushing and sweating occurs. When barbiturates, narcotics or other hypnotics (or systemic anesthetics) are to be given in conjunction with Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate), their dosage should be adjusted with caution because of additive CNS depressant effects of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate).
Because Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) is removed from the body solely by the kidneys, the drug should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment. Urine output should be maintained at a level of 100 mL or more during the four hours preceding each dose. Monitoring serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) levels and the patient's clinical status is essential to avoid the consequences of overdosage in toxemia. Clinical indications of a safe dosage regimen include the presence of the patellar reflex (knee jerk) and absence of respiratory depression (approximately 16 breaths or more/minute). When repeated doses of the drug are given parenterally, knee jerk reflexes should be tested before each dose and if they are absent, no additional Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) should be given until they return. Serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) levels usually sufficient to control convulsions range from 3 to 6 mg/100 mL (2.5 to 5 mEq/liter). The strength of the deep tendon reflexes begins to diminish when Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) levels exceed 4 mEq/liter. Reflexes may be absent at 10 mEq magnesium/liter, where respiratory paralysis is a potential hazard. An injectable calcium salt should be immediately available to counteract the potential hazards of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) intoxication in eclampsia.
50% Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate Injection, USP must be diluted to a concentration of 20% or less prior to intravenous infusion. Rate of administration should be slow and cautious, to avoid producing hypermagnesemia. The 50% solution also should be diluted to 20% or less for intramuscular injection in infants and children.
Laboratory Tests
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate injection should not be given unless hypomagnesemia has been confirmed and the serum concentration of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) is monitored. The normal serum level is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L.
Drug Interactions
CNS Depressants - When barbiturates, narcotics or other hypnotics (or systemic anesthetics), or other CNS depressants are to be given in conjunction with Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate), their dosage should be adjusted with caution because of additive CNS depressant effects of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate). CNS depression and peripheral transmission defects produced by Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) may be antagonized by calcium.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Excessive neuromuscular block has occurred in patients receiving parenteral Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate and a neuromuscular blocking agent; these drugs should be administered concomitantly with caution.
Cardiac Glycosides - Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate should be administered with extreme caution in digitalized patients, because serious changes in cardiac conduction which can result in heart block may occur if administration of calcium is required to treat Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) toxicity.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category D (See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS )
See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS .
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate can cause fetal abnormalities when administered beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women. There are retrospective epidemiological studies and case reports documenting fetal abnormalities such as hypocalcemia, skeletal demineralization, osteopenia and other skeletal abnormalities with continuous maternal administration of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate for more than 5 to 7 days.1-10 Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate injection should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If this drug is used during pregnancy, the woman should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
Nonteratogenic Effects
When administered by continuous intravenous infusion (especially for more than 24 hours preceding delivery) to control convulsions in a toxemic woman, the newborn may show signs of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) toxicity, including neuromuscular or respiratory depression (See OVERDOSAGE ).
Labor and Delivery
Continuous administration of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate is an unapproved treatment for preterm labor. The safety and efficacy of such use have not been established. The administration of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate outside of its approved indication in pregnant women should be by trained obstetrical personnel in a hospital setting with appropriate obstetrical care facilities.
Nursing Mothers
Since Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) is distributed into milk during parenteral Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate administration, the drug should be used with caution in nursing women.
Geriatrics
Geriatric patients often require reduced dosage because of impaired renal function. In patients with severe impairment, dosage should not exceed 20 grams in 48 hours. Serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) should be monitored in such patients.
The adverse effects of parenterally administered Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) usually are the result of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) intoxication. These include flushing, sweating, hypotension, depressed reflexes, flaccid paralysis, hypothermia, circulatory collapse, cardiac and central nervous system depression proceeding to respiratory paralysis. Hypocalcemia with signs of tetany secondary to Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate therapy for eclampsia has been reported.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) intoxication is manifested by a sharp drop in blood pressure and respiratory paralysis. Disappearance of the patellar reflex is a useful clinical sign to detect the onset of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) intoxication. In the event of overdosage, artificial ventilation must be provided until a calcium salt can be injected intravenously to antagonize the effects of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate).
For Treatment of Overdose
Artificial respiration is often required. Intravenous calcium, 10 to 20 mL of a 5% solution (diluted if desirable with isotonic sodium chloride for injection) is used to counteract effects of hypermagnesemia. Subcutaneous physostigmine, 0.5 to 1 mg may be helpful.
Hypermagnesemia in the newborn may require resuscitation and assisted ventilation via endotracheal intubation or intermittent positive pressure ventilation as well as intravenous calcium.
Dosage of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate must be carefully adjusted according to individual requirements and response, and administration of the drug should be discontinued as soon as the desired effect is obtained.
Both intravenous and intramuscular administration are appropriate. Intramuscular administration of the undiluted 50% solution results in therapeutic plasma levels in 60 minutes, whereas intravenous doses will provide a therapeutic level almost immediately. The rate of intravenous injection should generally not exceed 150 mg/minute (1.5 mL of a 10% concentration or its equivalent), except in severe eclampsia with seizures. Continuous maternal administration of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate in pregnancy beyond 5 to 7 days can cause fetal abnormalities.
Solutions for intravenous infusion must be diluted to a concentration of 20% or less prior to administration. The diluents commonly used are 5% Dextrose Injection, USP and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. Deep intramuscular injection of the undiluted (50%) solution is appropriate for adults, but the solution should be diluted to a 20% or less concentration prior to such injection in children.
In Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Deficiency
In the treatment of mild Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) deficiency, the usual adult dose is 1 gram, equivalent to 8.12 mEq of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) (2 mL of the 50% solution) injected intramuscularly every six hours for four doses (equivalent to a total of 32.5 mEq of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) per 24 hours). For severe hypomagnesemia, as much as 250 mg (approximately 2 mEq) per kg of body weight (0.5 mL of the 50% solution) may be given intramuscularly within a period of four hours if necessary. Alternatively, 5 grams, (approximately 40 mEq) can be added to one liter of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP for slow intravenous infusion over a three-hour period. In the treatment of deficiency states, caution must be observed to prevent exceeding the renal excretory capacity.
In Hyperalimentation
In total parenteral nutrition, maintenance requirements for Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) are not precisely known. The maintenance dose used in adults ranges from 8 to 24 mEq (1 gram to 3 grams) daily; for infants, the range is 2 to 10 mEq (0.25 gram to 1.25 grams) daily.
In Pre-eclampsia or Eclampsia
In severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, the total initial dose is 10 grams to 14 grams of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate. Intravenously, a dose of 4 grams to 5 grams in 250 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP may be infused. Simultaneously, intramuscular doses of up to 10 grams (5 grams or 10 mL of the undiluted 50% solution in each buttock) are given. Alternatively, the initial intravenous dose of 4 grams may be given by diluting the 50% solution to a 10 or 20% concentration; the diluted fluid (40 mL of a 10% solution or 20 mL of a 20% solution) may then be injected intravenously over a period of three to four minutes. Subsequently, 4 grams to 5 grams (8 to 10 mL of the 50% solution) are injected intramuscularly into alternate buttocks every four hours as needed, depending on the continuing presence of the patellar reflex and adequate respiratory function. Alternatively, after the initial intravenous dose, some clinicians administer 1 gram to 2 grams/hour by constant intravenous infusion. Therapy should continue until paroxysms cease. A serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) level of 6 mg/100 mL is considered optimal for control of seizures. A total daily (24 hr) dose of 30 grams to 40 grams should not be exceeded. In the presence of severe renal insufficiency, the maximum dosage of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate is 20 grams/48 hours and frequent serum Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) concentrations must be obtained. Continuous use of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate in pregnancy beyond 5 to 7 days can cause fetal abnormalities.
Other Uses
In counteracting the muscle-stimulating effects of barium poisoning, the usual dose of Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate is 1 gram to 2 grams given intravenously.
For controlling seizures associated with epilepsy, glomerulonephritis or hypothyroidism, the usual adult dose is 1 gram administered intramuscularly or intravenously.
In paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) should be used only if simpler measures have failed and there is no evidence of myocardial damage. The usual dose is 3 grams to 4 grams (30 to 40 mL of a 10% solution) administered intravenously over 30 seconds with extreme caution.
For reduction of cerebral edema, 2.5 grams (25 mL of a 10% solution) is given intravenously.
Incompatibilities
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) sulfate in solution may result in a precipitate formation when mixed with solutions containing:
Alcohol (in high Heavy Metals
concentrations) Hydrocortisone sodium
Alkali carbonates and succinate
bicarbonates Phosphates
Alkali hydroxides Polymixin B sulfate
Arsenates Procaine hydrochloride
Barium Salicylates
Calcium Strontium
Clindamycin phosphate Tartrates
The potential incompatibility will often be influenced by the changes in the concentration of reactants and the pH of the solutions.
It has been reported that Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) may reduce the antibiotic activity of streptomycin, tetracycline and tobramycin when given together.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate Injection, USP is supplied in single-dose containers as follows:
NDC No. | Container | Total Amount | Concentration | mEq Mg++/mL |
0409-1754-10 | Ansyr Plastic Syringe | 5 g/10 mL | 50% | 4 mEq/mL |
Do not administer unless solution is clear and container is undamaged. Discard unused portion.
Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).
Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
LAB-1024-1.0
April 2017
Hospira Logo
50% Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate 5 g/10 mL (500 mg/mL)
Rx only
NDC 0409-1754-10
10 mL Single-dose syringe
50% Tonikum (Magnesium Aspartate) Sulfate Injection, USP
5 g/10 mL (500 mg/mL) (4 mEq Mg++/mL)
MUST BE DILUTED FOR INTRAVENOUS USE.
For Intravenous or Intramuscular Use. Sterile. 4.06 mOsmol/mL (calc.).
Contains no more than 75 mcg/L of aluminum.
Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
Hospira
RL-6891
Manganese (Manganese Sulfate):
Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Administration helps to maintain Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.
None known.
Direct intramuscular or intravenous injection of Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) is contraindicated as the acidic pH of the solution (pH 2.0) may cause considerable tissue irritation.
Liver and/or biliary tract dysfunction may require omission or reduction of copper and Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) doses because these elements are primarily eliminated in the bile.
WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
Do not use unless solution is clear and seal is intact.
Tonikum ) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) should only be used in conjunction with a pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in a laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in a single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.
Serum Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) levels can be measured periodically at the discretion of the investigator. Because of the low serum concentration normally present, samples will usually be analyzed by a reference laboratory.
Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Tonikum ) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) have not been performed, nor have studies been done to assess mutagenesis or impairment of fertility.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) additive is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) chloride. It is also not known whether Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) chloride can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capacity. Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) chloride should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly indicated.
An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
None known.
None known.
Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) toxicity in TPN patients has not been reported.
Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) contains 0.1 mg manganese/mL and is administered intravenously only after dilution. The additive should be administered in a volume of fluid not less than 100 mL. For the adult receiving TPN, the suggested additive dosage for Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) is 0.15 to 0.8 mg/day (1.5 to 8 mL/day). For pediatric patients, a dosage of 2 to 10 mcg manganese/kg/day (0.02 to 0.1 mL/kg/day) is recommended.
Periodic monitoring of Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) plasma levels is suggested as a guideline for subsequent administration.
Parenteral products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. (See PRECAUTIONS .)
Tonikum (Manganese (Manganese Sulfate)) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) is supplied in 10 mL Plastic Vials (NDC No. 0409-4091-01).
Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F)
Revised: November, 2009
Printed in USA EN-2320
Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
Potassium Aspartate:
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) CHLORIDE EXTENDED RELEASE TABLETS USP 20 mEq K
Rx Only
The Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq product is an immediately dispersing extended release oral dosage form of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride containing 1500 mg of microencapsulated Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride, USP equivalent to 20 mEq of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) in a tablet.
These formulations are intended to slow the release of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) so that the likelihood of a high localized concentration of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride within the gastrointestinal tract is reduced.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is an electrolyte replenisher. The chemical name of the active ingredient is Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride, and the structural formula is KCl. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride, USP occurs as a white, granular powder or as colorless crystals. It is odorless and has a saline taste. Its solutions are neutral to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is a tablet formulation (not enteric coated or wax matrix) containing individually microencapsulated Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride crystals which disperse upon tablet disintegration. In simulated gastric fluid at 37°C and in the absence of outside agitation, Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq begin disintegrating into microencapsulated crystals within seconds and completely disintegrates within 1 minute. The microencapsulated crystals are formulated to provide an extended release of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride.
Inactive Ingredients: Colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, diethyl phthalate, ethyl-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose.
The Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) ion is the principal intracellular cation of most body tissues. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intracellular tonicity; the transmission of nerve impulses; the contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; and the maintenance of normal renal function.
The intracellular concentration of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) is approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5 to 5 mEq per liter. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) is a normal dietary constituent and under steady-state conditions the amount of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. The usual dietary intake of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) is 50 to 100 mEq per day.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion will occur whenever the rate of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) intake. Such depletion usually develops as a consequence of therapy with diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or inadequate replacement of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) in patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. Depletion can develop rapidly with severe diarrhea, especially if associated with vomiting. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion may produce weakness, fatigue, disturbances or cardiac rhythm (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram, and in advanced cases, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine.
If Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis cannot be managed by correcting the fundamental cause of the deficiency, eg, where the patient requires long-term diuretic therapy, supplemental Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) in the form of high Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) food or Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride may be able to restore normal Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) levels.
In rare circumstances (eg, patients with renal tubular acidosis) Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion may be associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. In such patients Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) replacement should be accomplished with Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts other than the chloride, such as Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) bicarbonate, Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) citrate, Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) acetate, or Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) gluconate.
BECAUSE OF REPORTS OF INTESTINAL AND GASTRIC ULCERATION AND BLEEDING WITH CONTROLLED-RELEASE Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) CHLORIDE PREPARATIONS, THESE DRUGS SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THOSE PATIENTS WHO CANNOT TOLERATE OR REFUSE TO TAKE LIQUID OR EFFERVESCENT Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) PREPARATIONS OR FOR PATIENTS IN WHOM THERE IS A PROBLEM OF COMPLIANCE WITH THESE PREPARATIONS.
1. For the treatment of patients with hypokalemia with or without metabolic alkalosis, in digitalis intoxication, and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. If hypokalemia is the result of diuretic therapy, consideration should be given to the use of a lower dose of diuretic, which may be sufficient without leading to hypokalemia.
2. For the prevention of hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop, eg, digitalized patients or patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias.
The use of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern and when low doses of the diuretic are used. Serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) should be checked periodically, however, and if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases. In more severe cases, and if dose adjustment of the diuretic is ineffective or unwarranted, supplementation with Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts may be indicated.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) supplements are contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia since a further increase in serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) concentration in such patients can produce cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia may complicate any of the following conditions: chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis, such as diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive tissue breakdown as in severe burns, adrenal insufficiency, or the administration of a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride) (see OVERDOSAGE ).
Controlled-release formulations of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride have produced esophageal ulceration in certain cardiac patients with esophageal compression due to enlarged left atrium. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) supplementation, when indicated in such patients, should be given as a liquid preparation or as an aqueous (water) suspension of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients , and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections).
All solid oral dosage forms of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride are contraindicated in any patient in whom there is structural, pathological (eg, diabetic gastroparesis), or pharmacologic (use of anticholinergic agents or other agents with anticholinergic properties at sufficient doses to exert anticholinergic effects) cause for arrest or delay in tablet passage through the gastrointestinal tract.
Hyperkalemia (see OVERDOSAGE )
In patients with impaired mechanisms for excreting Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate), the administration of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts can produce hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. This occurs most commonly in patients given Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) by the intravenous route but may also occur in patients given Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) orally. Potentially fatal hyperkalemia can develop rapidly and be asymptomatic. The use of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts in patients with chronic renal disease, or any other condition which impairs Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) excretion, requires particularly careful monitoring of the serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) concentration and appropriate dosage adjustment.
Interaction with Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Hypokalemia should not be treated by the concomitant administration of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts and a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride) since the simultaneous administration of these agents can produce severe hyperkalemia.
Interaction with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, captopril, enalapril) will produce some Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) retention by inhibiting aldosterone production. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) supplements should be given to patients receiving ACE inhibitors only with close monitoring.
Gastrointestinal Lesions
Solid oral dosage forms of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride can produce ulcerative and/or stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on spontaneous adverse reaction reports, enteric-coated preparations of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride are associated with an increased frequency of small bowel lesions (40-50 per 100,000 patient years) compared to sustained release wax matrix formulations (less than one per 100,000 patient years). Because of the lack of extensive marketing experience with microencapsulated products, a comparison between such products and wax matrix or enteric-coated products is not available. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is a tablet formulated to provide a controlled rate of release of microencapsulated Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride and thus to minimize the possibility of a high local concentration of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) near the gastrointestinal wall.
Prospective trials have been conducted in normal human volunteers in which the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by endoscopic inspection before and after 1 week of solid oral Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride therapy. The ability of this model to predict events occurring in usual clinical practice is unknown. Trials which approximated usual clinical practice did not reveal any clear differences between the wax matrix and microencapsulated dosage forms. In contrast, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in subjects receiving a high dose of a wax matrix controlled-release formulation under conditions which did not resemble usual or recommended clinical practice (ie, 96 mEq per day in divided doses of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride administered to fasted patients, in the presence of an anticholinergic drug to delay gastric emptying). The upper gastrointestinal lesions observed by endoscopy were asymptomatic and were not accompanied by evidence of bleeding (Hemoccult testing). The relevance of these findings to the usual conditions (ie, non-fasting, no anticholinergic agent, smaller doses) under which controlled-release Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride products are used is uncertain; epidemiologic studies have not identified an elevated risk, compared to microencapsulated products, for upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients receiving wax matrix formulations. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq should be discontinued immediately and the possibility of ulceration, obstruction, or perforation should be considered if severe vomiting, abdominal pain, distention, or gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.
Metabolic Acidosis
Hypokalemia in patients with metabolic acidosis should be treated with an alkalinizing Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salt such as Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) bicarbonate, Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) citrate, Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) acetate, or Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) gluconate.
The diagnosis of Tonikum depletion is ordinarily made by demonstrating hypokalemia in a patient with a clinical history suggesting some cause for Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion. In interpreting the serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) level, the physician should bear in mind that acute alkalosis per se can produce hypokalemia in the absence of a deficit in total body Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) while acute acidosis per se can increase the serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) concentration into the normal range even in the presence of a reduced total body Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate). The treatment of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion, particularly in the presence of cardiac disease, renal disease, or acidosis requires careful attention to acid-base balance and appropriate monitoring of serum electrolytes, the electrocardiogram, and the clinical status of the patient.
Physicians should consider reminding the patient of the following: To take each dose with meals and with a full glass of water or other liquid. To take each dose without crushing, chewing, or sucking the tablets. If those patients are having difficulty swallowing whole tablets, they may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:
1. Place the whole tablet(s) in approximately 1/2 glass of water (4 fluid ounces).
2. Allow approximately 2 minutes for the tablet(s) to disintegrate.
3. Stir for about half a minute after the tablet(s) has disintegrated.
4. Swirl the suspension and consume the entire contents of the glass immediately by drinking or by the use of a straw.
5. Add another 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.
6. Then, add an additional 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.
Aqueous suspension of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is not recommended.
To take this medicine following the frequency and amount prescribed by the physician. This is especially important if the patient is also taking diuretics and/or digitalis preparations.
To check with the physician at once if tarry stools or other evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding is noticed.
When blood is drawn for analysis of plasma Tonikum it is important to recognize that artifactual elevations can occur after improper venipuncture technique or as a result of in vitro hemolysis of the sample.
Potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (see WARNINGS ).
Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies in animals have not been performed. Tonikum is a normal dietary constituent.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq. It is unlikely that Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) supplementation that does not lead to hyperkalemia would have an adverse effect on the fetus or would affect reproductive capacity.
The normal Tonikum ion content of human milk is about 13 mEq per liter. Since oral Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) becomes part of the body Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) pool, so long as body Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) is not excessive, the contribution of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride supplementation should have little or no effect on the level in human milk.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Clinical studies of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection; and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
One of the most severe adverse effects is hyperkalemia (see CONTRAINDICATIONS , WARNINGS , and OVERDOSAGE ). There have also been reports of upper and lower gastrointestinal conditions including obstruction, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). The most common adverse reactions to oral Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort, and diarrhea. These symptoms are due to irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and are best managed by diluting the preparation further, taking the dose with meals or reducing the amount taken at one time.
The administration of oral Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired or if Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-waves, depression of S-T segment, and prolongation of the QT-interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L).
Treatment measures for hyperkalemia include the following:
In treating hyperkalemia, it should be recalled that in patients who have been stabilized on digitalis, too rapid a lowering of the serum Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) concentration can produce digitalis toxicity.
The extended release feature means that absorption and toxic effects may be delayed for hours.
Consider standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug.
The usual dietary intake of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) by the average adult is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion sufficient to cause hypokalemia usually requires the loss of 200 or more mEq of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) from the total body store.
Dosage must be adjusted to the individual needs of each patient. The dose for the prevention of hypokalemia is typically in the range of 20 mEq per day. Doses of 40-100 mEq per day or more are used for the treatment of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) depletion. Dosage should be divided if more than 20 mEq per day is given such that no more than 20 mEq is given in a single dose.
Each Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablet USP, 20 mEq provides 20 mEq of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq should be taken with meals and with a glass of water or other liquid. This product should not be taken on an empty stomach because of its potential for gastric irritation (see WARNINGS ).
Patients having difficulty swallowing whole tablets may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:
Aqueous suspension of Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is not recommended.
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq are available in bottles of 100 (NDC 62037-999-01), bottles of 500 (NDC 62037-999-05), and bottles of 1000 (NDC 62037-999-10). Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq are capsule shaped, white to off-white tablets, with “ABRS-123” imprinted on one side and scored on the other side for flexibility of dosing.
Storage Conditions
Keep tightly closed. Store at controlled room temperature, 20°-25°C (68°-77°F).
Manufactured by:
Eurand, Inc.
Vandalia, OH 45377 USA
Distributed by:
Watson Pharma, Inc.
Rev. Date (01/09) 173714
Tonikum (Potassium Aspartate) chloride 20 Meq
Sodium Glycerophosphate:
Tonikum nitrite is indicated for sequential use with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening. (1)
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection is indicated for sequential use with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate for the treatment of acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening. When the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is uncertain, the potentially life-threatening risks associated with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection should be carefully weighed against the potential benefits, especially if the patient is not in extremis.
Cyanide poisoning may result from inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure to various cyanide-containing compounds, including smoke from closed-space fires. Sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide and its salts, cyanogenic plants, aliphatic nitriles, and prolonged exposure to Tonikum nitroprusside.
The presence and extent of cyanide poisoning are often initially unknown. There is no widely available, rapid, confirmatory cyanide blood test. Treatment decisions must be made on the basis of clinical history and signs and symptoms of cyanide intoxication. If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Thiosulfate Injection should be administered without delay.
Symptoms | Signs |
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In some settings, panic symptoms including tachypnea and vomiting may mimic early cyanide poisoning signs. The presence of altered mental status (e.g., confusion and disorientation) and/or mydriasis is suggestive of true cyanide poisoning although these signs can occur with other toxic exposures as well.
The expert advice of a regional poison control center may be obtained by calling 1-800-222-1222.
Smoke Inhalation
Not all smoke inhalation victims will have cyanide poisoning and may present with burns, trauma, and exposure to other toxic substances making a diagnosis of cyanide poisoning particularly difficult. Prior to administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection, smoke-inhalation victims should be assessed for the following:
Although hypotension is highly suggestive of cyanide poisoning, it is only present in a small percentage of cyanide-poisoned smoke inhalation victims. Also indicative of cyanide poisoning is a plasma lactate concentration greater than or equal to 10 mmol/L (a value higher than that typically listed in the table of signs and symptoms of isolated cyanide poisoning because carbon monoxide associated with smoke inhalation also contributes to lactic acidemia). If cyanide poisoning is suspected, treatment should not be delayed to obtain a plasma lactate concentration.
Caution should be exercised when administering cyanide antidotes, other than Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate, simultaneously with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection, as the safety of co-administration has not been established. If a decision is made to administer another cyanide antidote, other than Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate, with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection, these drugs should not be administered concurrently in the same IV line. [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]
Age | Intravenous Dose of Tonikum Nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Thiosulfate |
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Adults |
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Children |
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Redosing: If signs of cyanide poisoning reappear, repeat treatment using one-half the original dose of both Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate.
Monitoring: Blood pressure must be monitored during treatment. (2.2)
Comprehensive treatment of acute cyanide intoxication requires support of vital functions. Administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite, followed by Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate, should be considered adjunctive to appropriate supportive therapies. Airway, ventilatory and circulatory support, and oxygen administration should not be delayed to administer Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite injection and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate injection are administered by slow intravenous injection. They should be given as early as possible after a diagnosis of acute life-threatening cyanide poisoning has been established. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should be administered first, followed immediately by Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate. Blood pressure must be monitored during infusion in both adults and children. The rate of infusion should be decreased if significant hypotension is noted.
Age | Intravenous Dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Thiosulfate |
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Adults |
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Children |
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NOTE: If signs of poisoning reappear, repeat treatment using one-half the original dose of both Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate.
In adult and pediatric patients with known anemia, it is recommended that the dosage of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should be reduced proportionately to the hemoglobin concentration.
All parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Patients should be monitored for at least 24-48 hours after Tonikum Nitrite Injection administration for adequacy of oxygenation and perfusion and for recurrent signs and symptoms of cyanide toxicity. When possible, hemoglobin/hematocrit should be obtained when treatment is initiated. Measurements of oxygen saturation using standard pulse oximetry and calculated oxygen saturation values based on measured PO2 are unreliable in the presence of methemoglobinemia.
Methemoglobin level: Administrations of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite solely to achieve an arbitrary level of methemoglobinemia may be unnecessary and potentially hazardous. The therapeutic effects of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite do not appear to be mediated by methemoglobin formation alone and clinical responses to Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administration have been reported in association with methemoglobin levels of less than 10%. Administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite beyond the initial dose should be guided primarily by clinical response to treatment (i.e., a second dose should be considered only if there is inadequate clinical response to the first dose). It is generally recommended that methemoglobin concentrations be closely monitored and kept below 30%. Serum methemoglobin levels should be monitored during treatment using co-oximetry, and administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should generally be discontinued when methemoglobin levels exceed 30%. Intravenous methylene blue and exchange transfusion have been reported in the literature as treatments for life-threatening methemoglobinemia.
Chemical incompatibility has been reported between Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and hydroxocobalamin and these drugs should not be administered simultaneously through the same IV line. No chemical incompatibility has been reported between Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite, when administered sequentially through the same IV line as described in Dosage and Administration.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection consists of:
Administration of the contents of one vial constitutes a single dose.
None
Supportive care alone may be sufficient treatment without administration of antidotes for many cases of cyanide intoxication, particularly in conscious patients without signs of severe toxicity. Patients should be closely monitored to ensure adequate perfusion and oxygenation during treatment with Tonikum nitrite.
Methemoglobin levels should be monitored and oxygen administered during treatment with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite whenever possible. When Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is administered to humans a wide range of methemoglobin concentrations occur. Methemoglobin concentrations as high as 58% have been reported after two 300-mg doses of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administered to an adult. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should be used with caution in the presence of other drugs that may cause methemoglobinemia such as procaine and nitroprusside. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients who may be particularly susceptible to injury from vasodilation and its related hemodynamic sequelae. Hemodynamics should be monitored closely during and after administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite, and infusion rates should be slowed if hypotension occurs.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients with known anemia. Patients with anemia will form more methemoglobin (as a percentage of total hemoglobin) than persons with normal red blood cell (RBC) volumes. Optimally, these patients should receive a Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite dose that is reduced in proportion to their oxygen carrying capacity.
Tonikum nitrite should be used with caution in persons with smoke inhalation injury or carbon monoxide poisoning because of the potential for worsening hypoxia due to methemoglobin formation.
Neonates and infants may be more susceptible than adults and older pediatric patients to severe methemoglobinemia when Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is administered. Reduced dosing guidelines should be followed in pediatric patients.
Because patients with G6PD deficiency are at increased risk of a hemolytic crisis with Tonikum nitrite administration, alternative therapeutic approaches should be considered in these patients. Patients with known or suspected G6PD deficiency should be monitored for an acute drop in hematocrit. Exchange transfusion may be needed for patients with G6PD deficiency who receive Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite should be used with caution in the presence of concomitant antihypertensive medications, diuretics or volume depletion due to diuretics, or drugs known to increase vascular nitric oxide, such as PDE5 inhibitors.
There have been no controlled clinical trials conducted to systematically assess the adverse events profile of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite.
The medical literature has reported the following adverse events in association with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administration. These adverse events were not reported in the context of controlled trials or with consistent monitoring and reporting methodologies for adverse events. Therefore, frequency of occurrence of these adverse events cannot be assessed.
Cardiovascular system: syncope, hypotension, tachycardia, methemoglobinemia, palpitations, dysrhythmia
Hematological: methemoglobinemia
Central nervous system: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, seizures, confusion, coma
Gastrointestinal system: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Respiratory system: tachypnea, dyspnea
Body as a Whole: anxiety, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, injection site tingling, cyanosis, acidosis, fatigue, weakness, urticaria, generalized numbness and tingling
Severe hypotension, methemoglobinemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, coma and death have been reported in patients without life-threatening cyanide poisoning but who were treated with injection of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite at doses less than twice those recommended for the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Most common adverse reactions are:
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hope Pharmaceuticals at 1-800-755-9595 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection.
Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category C.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite has caused fetal death in humans as well as animals. There are no studies in humans that have directly evaluated the potential reproductive toxicity of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite. There are two epidemiological studies conducted in Australia that report a statistically significant increase in the risk for congenital malformations, particularly in the CNS, associated with maternal consumption of water containing nitrate levels in excess of 5 ppm. Results from a case-control study in Canada suggested a trend toward an increase in the risk for CNS malformations when maternal consumption of nitrate was ≥ 26 ppm (not statistically significant).
The potential reproductive toxicity of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite exposure restricted to the prenatal period has been reported in guinea pigs, mice, and rats. There was no evidence of teratogenicity in guinea pigs, mice, or rats. However, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite treatment of pregnant guinea pigs with 60 or 70 mg/kg/day resulted in abortion of the litters within 1-4 days of treatment. All animals treated subcutaneously with 70 mg/kg, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite died within 60 minutes of treatment. Further studies demonstrated that a dose of 60 mg/kg resulted in measurable blood levels of methemoglobin in the dams and their fetuses for up to 6 hours post treatment. Maternal methemoglobin levels were higher than the levels in the offspring at all times measured. Based on a body surface area comparison, a 60 mg/kg dose in the guinea pig that resulted in death was only 1.7 times higher than the highest clinical dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning (based on a body surface area comparison).
Studies testing prenatal and postnatal exposure have been reported in mice and rats. Treatment of pregnant rats via drinking water with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite at concentrations of either 2000 or 3000 mg/L resulted in a dose-related increased mortality postpartum. This exposure regimen in the rat model would result in dosing of approximately 220 and 300 mg/kg/day (43 and 65 times the highest clinical dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning, based on a body surface area comparison).
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite produces methemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin more easily than adult hemoglobin. In addition, the fetus has lower levels of methemoglobin reductase than adults. Collectively, these data suggest that the human fetus would show greater sensitivity to methemoglobin resulting in nitrite-induced prenatal hypoxia leading to retarded development of certain neurotransmitter systems in the brain and long lasting dysfunction.
Nonteratogenic Effects: Behavioral and neurodevelopmental studies in rats suggest persistent effects of prenatal exposure to Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite that were detectable postnatally. Specifically, animals that were exposed prenatally to Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite demonstrated impaired discrimination learning behavior (both auditory and visual) and reduced long-term retention of the passive-avoidance response compared to control animals. Additional studies demonstrated a delay in the development of AchE and 5-HT positive fiber ingrowth into the hippocampal dentate gyrus and parietal neocortex during the first week of life of prenatal nitrite treated pups. These changes have been attributed to prenatal hypoxia following nitrite exposure.
Because fetal hemoglobin is more readily oxidized to methemoglobin and lower levels of methemoglobin appear to be fatal to the fetus compared to the adult, Tonikum nitrite should be used during labor and delivery only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
It is not known whether Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is excreted in human milk. Because Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection may be administered in life-threatening situations, breast-feeding is not a contraindication to its use. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised following Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection administration to a nursing woman. There are no data to determine when breastfeeding may be safely restarted following administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite. In studies conducted with Long-Evans rats, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administered in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation resulted in severe anemia, reduced growth and increased mortality in the offspring.
There are case reports in the medical literature of Tonikum nitrite in conjunction with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate being administered to pediatric patients with cyanide poisoning; however, there have been no clinical studies to evaluate the safety or efficacy of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite in the pediatric population. As for adult patients, dosing recommendations for pediatric patients have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite must be used with caution in patients less than 6 months of age because they may be at higher risk of developing severe methemoglobinemia compared to older children and adults. The presence of fetal hemoglobin, which is oxidized to methemoglobin more easily than adult hemoglobin, and lower methemoglobin reductase levels compared to older children and adults may contribute to risk.
Mortality attributed to Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite was reported following administration of an adult dose (300 mg IV followed by a second dose of 150 mg) to a 17-month old child.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Large doses of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite result in severe hypotension and toxic levels of methemoglobin which may lead to cardiovascular collapse.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administration has been reported to cause or significantly contribute to mortality in adults at oral doses as low as 1 g and intravenous doses as low as 600 mg. A death attributed to Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite has been reported following administration of an adult dose (300 mg IV followed by a second dose of 150 mg) to a 17-month old child.
Cyanosis may become apparent at a methemoglobin level of 10-20%. Other clinical signs and symptoms of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite toxicity (anxiety, dyspnea, nausea, and tachycardia) can be apparent at methemoglobin levels as low as 15%. More serious signs and symptoms, including cardiac dysrhythmias, circulatory failure, and central nervous system depression are seen as methemoglobin levels increase, and levels above 70% are usually fatal.
Treatment of overdose involves supplemental oxygen and supportive measures such as exchange transfusion. Treatment of severe methemoglobinemia with intravenous methylene blue has been described in the medical literature; however, this may also cause release of cyanide bound to methemoglobin. Because hypotension appears to be mediated primarily by an increase in venous capacitance, measures to increase venous return may be most appropriate to treat hypotension.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite has the chemical name nitrous acid Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) salt. The chemical formula is NaNO2 and the molecular weight is 69.0. The structural formula is:
Structure of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite Injection is a cyanide antidote which contains one 10 mL glass vial of a 3% solution of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite injection.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite injection is a sterile aqueous solution and is intended for intravenous injection. Each vial contains 300 mg of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite in 10 mL solution (30 mg/mL). Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite injection is a clear solution with a pH between 7.0 and 9.0.
Exposure to a high dose of cyanide can result in death within minutes due to the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase resulting in arrest of cellular respiration. Specifically, cyanide binds rapidly with cytochrome a3, a component of the cytochrome c oxidase complex in mitochondria. Inhibition of cytochrome a3 prevents the cell from using oxygen and forces anaerobic metabolism, resulting in lactate production, cellular hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. In massive acute cyanide poisoning, the mechanism of toxicity may involve other enzyme systems as well.
The synergy resulting from treatment of cyanide poisoning with the combination of Tonikum nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate is the result of differences in their primary mechanisms of action as antidotes for cyanide poisoning.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is thought to exert its therapeutic effect by reacting with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, an oxidized form of hemoglobin incapable of oxygen transport but with high affinity for cyanide. Cyanide preferentially binds to methemoglobin over cytochrome a3, forming the nontoxic cyanomethemoglobin. Methemoglobin displaces cyanide from cytochrome oxidase, allowing resumption of aerobic metabolism. The chemical reaction is as follows:
NaNO2 + Hemoglobin → Methemoglobin
HCN + Methemoglobin → Cyanomethemoglobin
Vasodilation has also been cited to account for at least part of the therapeutic effect of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite. It has been suggested that Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia may be more efficacious against cyanide poisoning than comparable levels of methemoglobinemia induced by other oxidants. Also, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite appears to retain some efficacy even when the formation of methemoglobin is inhibited by methylene blue.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Thiosulfate
The primary route of endogenous cyanide detoxification is by enzymatic transulfuration to thiocyanate (SCN-), which is relatively nontoxic and readily excreted in the urine. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate is thought to serve as a sulfur donor in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, thus enhancing the endogenous detoxification of cyanide in the following chemical reaction:
Chemical Structure
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite
When 4 mg/kg Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite was administered intravenously to six healthy human volunteers, the mean peak methemoglobin concentration was 7%, achieved at 30-60 minutes after injection, consistent with reports in cyanide poisoning victims. Supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures dropped approximately 20% within 10 minutes, a drop which was sustained throughout the 40 minutes of testing. This was associated with a 20 beat per minute increase in pulse rate that returned to baseline in 10 minutes. Five of these subjects were unable to withstand orthostatic testing due to fainting. One additional subject, who received a 12 mg/kg dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite, experienced severe cardiovascular effects and achieved a peak methemoglobin concentration of 30% at 60 minutes following injection.
Oral doses of 120 to 180 mg of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administered to healthy volunteers caused minimal cardiovascular changes when subjects were maintained in the horizontal position. However, minutes after being placed in the upright position subjects exhibited tachycardia and hypotension with syncope.
The half life for conversion of methemoglobin to normal hemoglobin in a cyanide poisoning victim who has been administered Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is estimated to be 55 minutes.
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is a strong oxidant, and reacts rapidly with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin. The pharmacokinetics of free Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite in humans have not been well studied. It has been reported that approximately 40% of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is excreted unchanged in the urine while the remaining 60% is metabolized to ammonia and related small molecules.
Cyanide
The apparent terminal elimination half life and volume of distribution of cyanide, in a patient treated for an acute cyanide poisoning with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate administration, have been reported to be 19 hours and 0.41 L/kg, respectively. Additionally, an initial elimination half life of cyanide has been reported to be approximately 1-3 hours.
Thiocyanate
After detoxification, in healthy subjects, thiocyanate is excreted mainly in the urine at a rate inversely proportional to creatinine clearance. In healthy subjects, the elimination half-life and volume of distribution of thiocyanate have been reported to be 2.7 days and 0.25 L/kg, respectively. However, in subjects with renal insufficiency the reported elimination half life is approximately 9 days.
The potential benefit of an acute exposure to Tonikum nitrite as part of a cyanide antidote outweighs concerns raised by the equivocal findings in chronic rodent studies. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite (0, 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 0, 35, 70, or 130 mg/kg for males and 0, 40, 80, or 150 mg/kg for females) was orally administered to rats (Fischer 344 strain) for 2 years via drinking water. There were no significant increases in the incidence of tumor in either male or female rats. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite (0, 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 0, 60, 120, or 220 mg/kg for males and 0, 45, 90, or 165 mg/kg for females) was administered to B6C3F1 mice for 2 years via the drinking water. Equivocal results were obtained in female mice. Specifically, there was a positive trend toward an increase in the incidence of squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma in the forestomach of female mice. Although the incidence of hyperplasia of the glandular stomach epithelium was significantly greater in the high-dose male mice compared to controls, there were no significant increases in tumors in the male mice. Numerous reports in the published literature indicate that Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite may react in vivo with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach. Concurrent exposure to Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and secondary amines in feed or drinking water resulted in an increase in the incidence of tumors in rodents.
Mutagenesis
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite is mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA1530, TA1535 with and without metabolic activation; however, it was negative in strain TA98, TA102, DJ460 and E. coli strain WP2UVRA/PKM101. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite has been reported to be genotoxic to V79 hamster cells in vitro and in the mouse lymphoma assay, both assays conducted in the absence of metabolic activation. Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite was negative in the in vitro chromosomal aberrations assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Acute administration of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite to male rats or male mice did not produce an increased incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow. Likewise, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite administration to mice for 14-weeks did not result in an increase in the incidence of micronuclei in the peripheral blood.
Fertility
Clinical studies to evaluate the potential effects of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite intake on fertility of either males or females have not been reported. In contrast, multigenerational fertility and reproduction studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program did not detect any evidence of an effect of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite (0.0, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24% weight/volume) on either fertility or any reproductive parameter in Swiss CD-1 mice. This treatment protocol resulted in approximate doses of 125, 260, and 425 mg/kg/day. The highest exposure in this mouse study is 4.6 times greater than the highest clinical dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning (based on a body surface area comparison).
Due to the extreme toxicity of cyanide, experimental evaluation of treatment efficacy has predominantly been completed in animal models. The efficacy of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate treatment alone to counteract the toxicity of cyanide was initially reported in 1895 by Lang. The efficacy of amyl nitrite treatment in cyanide poisoning of the dog model was first reported in 1888 by Pedigo. Further studies in the dog model, which demonstrated the utility of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite as a therapeutic intervention, were reported in 1929 by Mladoveanu and Gheorghiu. However, Hugs and Chen et al. independently reported upon the superior efficacy of the combination of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate in 1932-1933. Treatment consisted of intravenously administered 22.5 mg/kg (half the lethal dose) Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite or 1 g/kg Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate alone or in sequence immediately after subcutaneous injection of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) cyanide into dogs over a range of doses. Subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and/or 0.5 g/kg Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate were administered when clinical signs or symptoms of poisoning persisted or reappeared. Either therapy administered alone increased the dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) cyanide required to cause death, and when administered together, Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate resulted in a synergistic effect in raising the lethal dose of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) cyanide. The combined therapy appeared to have reduced efficacy when therapy was delayed until signs of poisoning (e.g. convulsions) appeared; however, other investigators have reported survival in dogs that were administered antidotal treatment after respiratory arrest had occurred.
Animal studies conducted in other species (e.g., rat, guinea pig, sheep, pigeon and cat) have also supported a synergistic effect of intravenous Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
While intravenous injection of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite and Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate was effective in reversing the effects of lethal doses of cyanide in dogs, intramuscular injection of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite, with or without Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate, was found not to be effective in the same setting.
The human data supporting the use of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite for cyanide poisoning consists primarily of published case reports. There are no randomized controlled clinical trials. Nearly all the human data describing the use of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) thiosulfate report its use in conjunction with Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite. Dosing recommendations for humans have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.
There have been no human studies to prospectively and systematically evaluate the safety of Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) nitrite in humans. Available human safety information is based largely on anecdotal case reports and case series of limited scope.
Each Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite carton (NDC 60267-311-10) consists of the following:
Storage
Store at controlled room temperature between 20°C and 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F). Protect from direct light. Do not freeze.
(Note: Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Thiosulfate must be obtained separately.)
Tonikum Nitrite Injection is indicated for acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening and in this setting, patients will likely be unresponsive or may have difficulty in comprehending counseling information.
When feasible, patients should be informed of the possibility of life-threatening hypotension and methemoglobin formation.
Where feasible, patients should be informed of the need for close monitoring of blood pressure and oxygenation.
Manufactured by Cangene BioPharma, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21230 for
Hope Pharmaceuticals, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mL Vial Carton
NDC 60267-311-10
Rx Only
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Nitrite
Injection, USP
300 mg/10 mL
(30 mg/mL)
FOR INTRAVENOUS USE
SINGLE USE ONLY
Any unused portion of a vial
should be discarded.
Use with
Tonikum (Sodium Glycerophosphate) Thiosulfate
for Treatment of
Cyanide Poisoning
Manufactured by
CANGENE bioPharma, Inc.
Baltimore, MD for
HOPE
PHARMACEUTICALS®
Scottsdale, AZ 85260 U.S.A.
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mL Vial Carton
Vitamin B12:
Tonikum refers to a group of water-soluble vitamins. It has high biological activity. Tonikum (Vitamin B12) is necessary for normal hematopoiesis (promotes maturation of erythrocytes). Involved in the processes of transmethylation, hydrogen transport, synthesis of methionine, nucleic acids, choline, creatine. Contributes to the accumulation in erythrocytes of compounds containing sulfhydryl groups. Has a beneficial effect on liver function and the nervous system. Activates the coagulation of blood in high doses causes an increase in the activity of thromboplastin and prothrombin.
After oral administration Tonikum (Vitamin B12) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the tissues, becoming a co-enzyme form - adenosylcobalamin which is the active form of cyanocobalamin. Excreted in bile and urine.
Anemia due to B12-deficiency conditions; in the complex therapy for iron and posthemorrhagic anemia; aplastic anemia caused by toxic substances and drugs; liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis); funicular myelosis; polyneuritis, radiculitis, neuralgia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; children cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, peripheral nerve injury; skin diseases (psoriasis, photodermatosis, herpetiformis dermatitis, neurodermatitis); to prevent and treat symptoms of deficiency of Tonikum (Vitamin B12) (including the application of biguanide, PASA, vitamin C in high doses); radiation sickness.
Tonikum is used as injections SC, IV, IM, intralumbar, and also oral. With anemia associated with Tonikum (Vitamin B12) deficiency is introduced on 100-200 mcg in 2 days. In anemia with symptoms of funicular myelosis and megalocytic anemia with diseases of the nervous system - 400-500 micrograms in the first 7 days daily, then 1 time every 5-7 days. In the period of remission in the absence of events funicular myelosis maintenance dose - 100 mcg 2 times a month, in the presence of neurological symptoms - at 200-400 mcg 2-4 times a month. In acute post-hemorrhagic anemia and iron anemia by 30-100 mcg 2-3 times a week. When aplastic anemia (especially in children) - 100 micrograms before clinical improvement. When nutritional anemia in infants and preterm - 30 mcg / day during 15 days.
In diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system and neurological diseases with a pain syndrome is administered in increasing doses - 200-500 mcg, with the improvement in the state - 100 mcg / day. The course of treatment with Tonikum (Vitamin B12) is 2 weeks. In traumatic lesions of peripheral nervous system - at 200-400 mcg every other day for 40-45 days.
When hepatitis and cirrhosis - 30-60 mcg / day or 100 mg every other day for 25-40 days.
Dystrophy in young children, Down syndrome and cerebral palsy - by 15-30 mcg every other day.
When funicular myelosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can be introduced into the spinal canal at 15-30 mcg, gradually increasing the dose of 200-250 micrograms.
In radiation sickness, diabetic neuropathy, sprue - by 60-100 mcg daily for 20-30 days.
When deficiency of Tonikum (Vitamin B12) to prevent - IV or IM for 1 mg 1 time a month; for treatment - IV or IM for 1 mg daily for 1-2 weeks, the maintenance dose is 1-2 mg IV or IM from 1 per week, up to 1 per month. Duration of treatment is determined individually.
CNS: rarely - a state of arousal.
Cardiovascular system: rarely - pain in the heart, tachycardia.
Allergic reactions: rarely - urticaria.
Thromboembolism, erythremia, erythrocytosis, increased sensitivity to cyanocobalamin.
Cyanocobalamin can be used in pregnancy according to prescriptions.
When stenocardia should be used with caution in a single dose of Tonikum 100 mcg. During treatment should regularly monitor the blood picture and coagulation. It is unacceptable to enter in the same syringe with cyanocobalamin solutions of thiamine and pyridoxine.
In an application of Tonikum (Vitamin B12) with hormonal contraceptives for oral administration may decrease the concentration of cyanocobalamin in plasma.
In an application with anticonvulsant drugs decreased cyanocobalamin absorption from the gut.
In an Tonikum (Vitamin B12) application with neomycin, aminosalicylic acid, colchicine, cimetidine, ranitidine, drugs potassium decreased cyanocobalamin absorption from the gut.
Cyanocobalamin may exacerbate allergic reactions caused by thiamine.
When parenteral application of chloramphenicol may decrease the hematopoietic effects of cyanocobalamin with anemia.
Pharmaceutical incompatibility
Contained in the molecule of cyanocobalamin cobalt ion contributes to the destruction of ascorbic acid, thiamine bromide, riboflavin in one solution.
Vitamin C:
Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of intracellular collagen, is required to strengthen the structure of teeth, bones, and the capillary walls. Tonikum (Vitamin C) participates in redox reactions, the metabolism of tyrosine, converting folic acid into folinic acid, metabolism of carbohydrates, the synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, processes of cellular respiration. Reduces the need for vitamins B1, B2, A, E, folic acid, pantothenic acid, enhances the body's resistance to infections; enhances iron absorption, contributing to its sequestration in reduced form. Tonikum (Vitamin C) has antioxidant properties.
With intravaginal application of ascorbic acid lowers the vaginal pH, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and helps to restore and maintain normal pH and vaginal flora (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri).
After oral administration ascorbic acid is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Widely distributed in body tissues.
The concentration of ascorbic acid in blood plasma in normal amounts to approximately 10-20 mg / ml.
The concentration of ascorbic acid in white blood cells and platelets is higher than in erythrocytes and plasma. When deficient state of concentration in leucocytes is reduced later and more slowly and is regarded as the best criterion for evaluating the deficit than the concentration in plasma.
Plasma protein binding is about 25%.
Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid, is metabolized with the formation of ascorbate-2-sulphate which is inactive and oxalic acid which is excreted in the urine.
Ascorbic acid taken in excessive quantities is rapidly excreted unchanged in urine, it usually happens when exceeding a daily dose is 200 mg.
For systemic use of Tonikum (Vitamin C) Kimia Farma: prevention and treatment of hypo- and avitaminosis of Tonikum (Vitamin C); providing increased need for Tonikum (Vitamin C) during growth, pregnancy, lactation, with heavy loads, fatigue and during recovery after prolonged severe illness; in winter with an increased risk of infectious diseases.
For intravaginal use: chronic or recurrent vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis, nonspecific vaginitis) caused by the anaerobic flora (due to changes in pH of the vagina) in order to normalize disturbed vaginal microflora.
This medication administered orally, IM, IV, intravaginally.
For the prevention of deficiency conditions Tonikum dose is 25-75 mg / day, for the treatment - 250 mg / day or more in divided doses.
For intravaginal used ascorbic acid drugs in appropriate dosage forms.
CNS: headache, fatigue, insomnia.
Digestive system: stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting.
Allergic reaction: describes a few cases of skin reactions and manifestations of the respiratory system.
Urinary system: when used in high doses - hyperoxaluria and the formation of kidney stones of calcium oxalate.
Local reactions: with intravaginal application - a burning or itching in the vagina, increased mucous discharge, redness, swelling of the vulva. Other: sensation of heat.
Increased sensitivity to ascorbic acid.
The minimum daily requirement of ascorbic acid in the II and III trimester of pregnancy is about 60 mg.
Ascorbic acid crosses the placental barrier. It should be borne in mind that the fetus can adapt to high doses of ascorbic acid, which takes a pregnant woman, and then a newborn baby may develop the ascorbic disease as the reaction of cancel. Therefore, during pregnancy should not to take ascorbic acid in high doses, except in cases where the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.
The minimum daily requirement during lactation is 80 mg. Ascorbic acid is excreted in breast milk. A mother's diet that contains adequate amounts of ascorbic acid, is sufficient to prevent deficiency in an infant. It is unknown whether dangerous to the child's mother use of ascorbic acid in high doses. Theoretically it is possible. Therefore, it is recommended not to exceed the maximum daily nursing mother needs to ascorbic acid, except when the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.
Tonikum (Vitamin C) is used with caution in patients with hyperoxaluria, renal impairment, a history of instructions on urolithiasis. Because ascorbic acid increases iron absorption, its use in high doses can be dangerous in patients with hemochromatosis, thalassemia, polycythemia, leukemia, and sideroblastic anemia.
Patients with high content body iron should apply ascorbic acid in minimal doses.
Tonikum (Vitamin C) is used with caution in patients with deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
The use of ascorbic acid in high doses can cause exacerbation of sickle cell anemia.
Data on the diabetogenic action of ascorbic acid are contradictory. However, prolonged use of ascorbic acid should periodically monitor your blood glucose levels.
It is believed that the use of ascorbic acid in patients with rapidly proliferating and widely disseminated tumors may worsen during the process. It should therefore be used with caution in ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer.
Absorption of ascorbic acid decreased while use of fresh fruit or vegetable juices, alkaline drinking.
In an application with barbiturates, primidone increases the excretion of ascorbic acid in the urine.
With the simultaneous use of oral contraceptives reduces the concentration of ascorbic acid in blood plasma.
In an application of Tonikum (Vitamin C) with iron preparations ascorbic acid, due to its regenerative properties, transforms ferric iron in the bivalent, which improves its absorption.
Ascorbic acid in high doses can decrease urine pH that while the application reduces the tubular reabsorption of amphetamine and tricyclic antidepressants.
With the simultaneous use of aspirin reduces the absorption of ascorbic acid by about a third.
Tonikum (Vitamin C) in an application with warfarin may decrease effects of warfarin.
With the simultaneous application of ascorbic acid increases the excretion of iron in patients receiving deferoxamine. In the application of ascorbic acid at a dose of 500 mg / day possibly left ventricular dysfunction.
In an application with tetracycline is increased excretion of ascorbic acid in the urine.
There is a described case of reducing the concentration of fluphenazine in plasma in patients treated with ascorbic acid 500 mg 2 times / day.
May increase the concentration of ethinyl estradiol in the blood plasma in its simultaneous application in the oral contraceptives.
Symptoms: long-term use of large doses (more than 1 g) - headache, increased CNS excitability, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis giperatsidnyh, ultseratsiya gastrointestinal mucosa, inhibition of the function insular apparatus of the pancreas (hyperglycemia, glycosuria), hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis (calcium oxalate), damage to the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys, moderate thamuria (when receiving a dose of 600 mg / day).
Decrease capillary permeability (possibly deteriorating trophic tissues, increased blood pressure, hypercoagulability, the development of microangiopathy).
When IV administration in high doses - the threat of termination of pregnancy (due to estrogenemia), hemolysis of red blood cells.
Depending on the reaction of the Tonikum after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Tonikum not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Tonikum addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
Visitors | % | ||
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It has side effects | 1 | 100.0% |
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1-5mg | 1 | 100.0% |
Visitors | % | ||
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6-15 | 1 | 25.0% | |
30-45 | 1 | 25.0% | |
16-29 | 1 | 25.0% | |
> 60 | 1 | 25.0% |
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology