STS

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STS uses

STS consists of Acetaminophen, Alprazolam.

Acetaminophen:


Pharmacological action

STS is an analgesic-antipyretic. It has analgesic, antipyretic and weak anti-inflammatory action. The mechanism of action is associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, the predominant influence on the thermoregulation center in the hypothalamus, enhances heat transfer.

Why is STS (Acetaminophen) prescribed?

Pain weak and moderate intensity of different genesis (including headache, migraine, toothache, neuralgia, myalgia, algomenorrhea; pain in trauma, burns). Fever in infectious and inflammatory diseases.

STS dosage and administration

Oral or rectally adults and adolescents with a body weight over 60 kg is used in a single dose of 500 mg, the multiplicity of admission - up to 4 times / Maximum duration of treatment - 5-7 days.

Maximum dose: single - 1 g, daily - 4 g.

Single dose for oral administration for children aged 6-12 years - 250-500 mg, 1-5 years - 120-250 mg, from 3 months to 1 year - 60-120 mg, up to 3 months - 10 mg / kg. Single dose rectal in children aged 6-12 years - 250-500 mg, 1-5 years - 125-250 mg.

Multiplicity - 4 at intervals of not less than 4 h. The maximum duration of treatment - 3 days.

Maximum dose: 4 single dose per day.

STS side effects, adverse reactions

Digestive system: rarely - dyspepsia; long-term use at high doses - hepatotoxic effects, methemoglobinemia, renal dysfunction and liver, hypochromic anemia. Hemopoietic system: rarely - thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis. Allergic reactions: rarely - skin rash, itching, hives.

Contraindications

Chronic active alcoholism, increased sensitivity to STS, marked disturbances of liver function and / or kidney disease, anemia, pregnancy (I term).

Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding

STS (Acetaminophen) crosses the placental barrier. So far, no observed adverse effects of STS (Acetaminophen) on the fetus in humans.

STS (Acetaminophen) is excreted in breast milk: the content in milk was 0.04-0.23% of the dose adopted mother.

If necessary, use of STS (Acetaminophen) during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding) should carefully weigh the potential benefits of therapy for the mother and the potential risk to the fetus or child.

In experimental studies found no embryotoxic, teratogenic and mutagenic action of STS (Acetaminophen).

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Special Instructions

STS is used with caution in patients with disorders of the liver and kidneys, with benign hyperbilirubinemia, as well as in elderly patients.

With prolonged use of STS (Acetaminophen) is necessary to monitor patterns of peripheral blood and functional state of the liver.

Used for treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome in combination with pamabrom (diuretic, a derivative of xanthine) and mepyramine (Histamine H1-receptors blocker).

STS (Acetaminophen) Drug Interactions

With the simultaneous use with inducers of microsomal liver enzymes, means having hepatotoxic effect, increasing the risk of hepatotoxic action of STS (Acetaminophen).

With the simultaneous use of anticoagulants may be slight to moderate increase in prothrombin time.

With the simultaneous use of anticholinergics may decrease absorption of STS (Acetaminophen).

With the simultaneous use of oral contraceptives accelerated excretion of STS (Acetaminophen) from the body and may reduce its analgesic action.

With the simultaneous use with urological means reduced their effectiveness.

With the simultaneous use of activated charcoal reduced bioavailability of STS (Acetaminophen).

When STS (Acetaminophen) applied simultaneously with diazepam may decrease excretion of diazepam.

There have been reports about the possibility of enhancing mielodepression effect of zidovudine while applying with STS (Acetaminophen). A case of severe toxic liver injury.

Described cases of toxic effects of STS (Acetaminophen), while the use of isoniazid.

When applied simultaneously with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidonom decreases the effectiveness of STS (Acetaminophen), which is caused by an increase in its metabolism and excretion from the body. Cases of hepatotoxicity, while the use of STS (Acetaminophen) and phenobarbital.

In applying cholestyramine a period of less than 1 h after administration of STS (Acetaminophen) may decrease of its absorption.

At simultaneous application with lamotrigine moderately increased excretion of lamotrigine from the body.

With the simultaneous use of metoclopramide may increase absorption of STS (Acetaminophen) and its increased concentration in blood plasma.

When applied simultaneously with probenecid may decrease clearance of STS (Acetaminophen), with rifampicin, sulfinpyrazone - may increase clearance of STS (Acetaminophen) due to increasing its metabolism in the liver.

At simultaneous application of STS (Acetaminophen) with ethinylestradiol increases absorption of STS (Acetaminophen) from the gut.

Enhances the effect of indirect anticoagulants (coumarin derivatives and indandione). Antipyretic and analgesic activity of caffeine increases, reduce - rifampicin, phenobarbital and alcohol (accelerated biotransformation, inducing microsomal liver enzymes).

STS in case of emergency / overdose

At a reception in toxic doses (10-15 g in adults) may develop liver necrosis.

Symptoms of overdose may include: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, sweating, extreme tiredness, unusual bleeding or bruising, pain in the upper right part of the stomach, yellowing of the skin or eyes, flu-like symptoms

Alprazolam:


Pharmacological action

STS is an anxiolytic drug (tranquilizer), a derivative of triazolo-benzodiazepine. This medication has anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, central muscle relaxant effect. The mechanism of action is to enhance the inhibitory effect of endogenous GABA in the CNS by increasing the sensitivity of the GABA-receptor mediator as a result of stimulation of benzodiazepine receptors located in the allosteric center of postsynaptic GABA-receptor activating ascending reticular formation of brain stem neurons and the lateral horns of the spinal cord; reduces the excitability of the subcortical brain structures (the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus), inhibits the polysynaptic spinal reflexes.

Pronounced anxiolytic activity (reduction of emotional tension, easing anxiety, fear, anxiety) is combined with moderate soporific effect; it shortens the period of sleep, increases sleep duration and reduces the number of nighttime awakenings. The mechanism of hypnotic action is inhibition of cell reticular formation of the brain.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration STS (Alprazolam) is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Cmax plasma levels achieved within 1-2 hours. Binding to plasma proteins is 80%. This drud metabolized in the liver. T1/2 is an average of 12-15 hours. STS (Alprazolam) and its metabolites are mainly excreted by kidneys.

Why is STS prescribed?

  • anxiety, neurosis accompanied by anxiety, danger, stress, deterioration of sleep, irritability, and somatic disorders
  • mixed anxiety-depressive conditions
  • neurotic reactive depression accompanied by depressed mood, loss of interest in his surroundings, anxiety, loss of sleep, decreased appetite, and somatic disorders
  • anxiety and neurotic depression that developed on the background of systemic diseases
  • panic disorder in combination and without symptoms of phobias

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    Dosage and administration

    Individual. It is recommended to use the minimum effective dose of STS Aurobindo. The dose is corrected in the treatment process depending on the achieved effect and tolerability. If necessary, increase the dose should be increased gradually, first in the evening and then in the daytime reception.

    The initial dose of STS (Alprazolam) is 250-500 mcg 3 times / day, if necessary, it gradually increases to 4.5 mg / day.

    For elderly or debilitated patients the initial dose is 250 mcg 2-3 / day, maintenance doses - 500-750 mcg / day, if necessary, taking into account the tolerance dose can be increased.

    Cancellation or reduction of the dose of STS (Alprazolam) should be done gradually by reducing the daily dose of no more than 500 mcg every 3 days; sometimes can needed even more slowly cancelling.

    STS (Alprazolam) side effects, adverse reactions

    CNS: at the beginning of treatment (especially in elderly patients) drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, decreased ability to concentrate, ataxia, disorientation, unsteady gait, slowing of mental and motor responses; rare - headache, euphoria, depression, tremors, memory loss, impaired coordination of movements, depressed mood, confusion, extrapyramidal dystonic reactions (involuntary movements, including for eyes), weakness, myasthenia gravis, dysarthria; in some cases - paradoxical reactions (aggressive flare, confusion, psychomotor agitation, fear, suicidal tendencies, muscle spasms, hallucinations, agitation, irritability, anxiety, insomnia).

    Digestive system: possible dry mouth or excessive salivation, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation or diarrhea, abnormal liver function, elevated liver transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, jaundice.

    Hematopoietic system: possible leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis (chills, pyrexia, sore throat, extreme tiredness or weakness), anemia, thrombocytopenia.

    Urinary tract: possible urinary incontinence, urinary retention, renal failure, decreased or increased libido, dysmenorrhea.

    Endocrine system: possible change in body weight, disturbances in libido, menstrual irregularities.

    Cardiovascular system: possible decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia.

    Allergic reactions: possible skin rash, itching.

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    Contraindications

    Coma, shock, myasthenia gravis, angle-closure glaucoma, acute alcohol poisoning (with the weakening of the vital functions), narcotic analgesics, hypnotics and psychotropic drugs, chronic obstructive airways disease with incipient respiratory failure, acute respiratory failure, severe depression (suicidal tendencies may occur), pregnancy (especially the I trimester), lactation, childhood and adolescence to 18 years, increased sensitivity to benzodiazepines.

    Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding

    STS (Alprazolam) has a toxic effect on the fetus and increases the risk of birth defects when used in the I trimester of pregnancy. The constant use during pregnancy can cause physical dependence with the development of withdrawal syndrome in the newborn. Reception at therapeutic doses in the later stages of pregnancy can cause neonatal CNS depression. Using of STS (Alprazolam) immediately before birth or during labor can cause neonatal respiratory depression, decreased muscle tone, hypotension, hypothermia and a weak act of sucking (sucking flaccid syndrome baby).

    It is possible to excretion of the benzodiazepines in breast milk that can cause drowsiness in the newborn and hinder feeding.

    In experimental studies have been shown that STS (Alprazolam) and its metabolites are excreted in breast milk.

    Special instructions

    Keep in mind that anxiety or conditions related to everyday stress usually does not require treatment with anxiolytics.

    If you experience paradoxical reactions then stop taking the drug. During the period of treatment is unacceptable to use of alcoholic drinks. With caution use STS for drivers of vehicles and people whose profession is associated with increased concentration.

    STS (Alprazolam) drug interactions

    The simultaneous use of STS (Alprazolam) with psychotropic, anticonvulsant medications and ethanol is observed enhancement inhibitory action STS (Alprazolam) on the CNS.

    The simultaneous use with blockers of histamine H2-receptor reduce the clearance of STS (Alprazolam) and increase the inhibitory effect of STS (Alprazolam) on the CNS; macrolide antibiotics reduce the clearance of STS (Alprazolam).

    The simultaneous use with hormonal oral contraceptives increased T1/2 of STS (Alprazolam).

    Simultaneous administration of STS (Alprazolam) with dextropropoxyphene observed a more pronounced CNS depression than in combination with other benzodiazepines, as may increase the concentration of STS (Alprazolam) in blood plasma.

    Simultaneous treatment with digoxin increases the risk of intoxication by cardiac glycosides.

    STS (Alprazolam) increases the concentration of imipramine in plasma.

    Simultaneous administration with itraconazole, ketoconazole increases the effects of STS (Alprazolam).

    Simultaneous administration with paroxetine may increases the effects of STS (Alprazolam) due to the inhibition of its metabolism.

    Fluvoxamine increases the concentration of STS (Alprazolam) in plasma and risk of its side effects.

    Simultaneous administration of STS (Alprazolam) with fluoxetine may increase the concentration of STS (Alprazolam) in plasma by decreasing its metabolism and clearance under the influence of fluoxetine which is accompanied by psychomotor disorders.

    It can not be exclude the possibility of strengthening effect of STS (Alprazolam) for simultaneous administration with erythromycin.

    STS in case of emergency / overdose

    Symptoms: Varying degrees of CNS oppression (from sleepiness to coma) - drowsiness, confusion; in more severe cases (especially in patients receiving other drugs depressing the central nervous system or alcohol) - ataxia, decreased reflexes, hypotension, coma.

    Treatment: induction of vomiting, gastric lavage, symptomatic therapy, monitor vital signs. In severe hypotension prescribed an injection of norepinephrine. Specific antidote is benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (administration only in a hospital).

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    STS pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

    Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


    STS available forms, composition, doses:

    Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
    Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
    Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


    STS destination | category:

    Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
    Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


    STS Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

    A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


    STS pharmaceutical companies:

    Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
    Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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    References

    1. Dailymed."NIRAVAM (ALPRAZOLAM) TABLET, ORALLY DISINTEGRATING [STAT RX USA LLC]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
    2. Dailymed."FEVERALL INFANTS (ACETAMINOPHEN) SUPPOSITORY [ACTAVIS MID ATLANTIC LLC]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
    3. Dailymed."ALPRAZOLAM: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).

    Frequently asked Questions

    Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming STS?

    Depending on the reaction of the STS after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider STS not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

    Is STS addictive or habit forming?

    Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

    Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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    Review

    sdrugs.com conducted a study on STS, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of STS consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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    The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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