Revalid

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Revalid uses

Revalid consists of Copper, DL-Methionine, Iron, L-Cystine, Panicum Extract, Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, Trace Elements, Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride), Vitamin B5 (Calcium Pantothenate), Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride), Wheat Germ Extract, Yeast Medical, Zinc.

Copper:



Water-Resistant Protection Without Bandaging

Recommended as an Aid in Treating Horses and Ponies With Thrush Due to Organisms Susceptible to Revalid (Copper) Naphthenate.

For Animal Use Only.

INDICATIONS:

ThrushTox® is indicated in the treatment of thrush in horses and ponies.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS:

Clean the hoof thoroughly, removing debris and necrotic material prior to application of Revalid (Copper)®. Apply daily to affected hoofs with a narrow paint brush (about 1”) until fully healed. Caution: Do not allow runoff of excess Revalid (Copper)® onto hair since contact with Revalid (Copper)® may cause some hair loss. Do not contaminate feed.

NOTE: Revalid (Copper)® is easily removed from hands, clothing and surfaces with light grade fuel oil or any type of lighter fluid.

CONTAINS FOIL SEAL – REMOVE BEFORE USE.

SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE.

To report suspected adverse reactions or to obtain technical assistance, call 1-800-650-4899.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Revalid (Copper) Naphthenate...37.5% w/w

INACTIVE INGREDIENTS:

Inert Ingredients...62.5% w/w

Total... 100.0%

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CAUTION:

Do not use in horses intended for human consumption.

CAUTION: COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE.

Use in a well-ventilated place. Avoid fire, flame, sparks or heaters.

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting, call physician immediately. Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN AND PETS.

STORAGE:

Store at controlled room temperature 15º to 30ºC (59º to 86ºF). Keep container tightly closed when not in use.

Manufactured for:

Aspen Veterinary Resources,® Ltd.

Liberty, MO 64068, USA

FC163FP 11/13

Manufactured by:

First Priority, Inc.

Elgin, IL 60123-1146, USA

NET CONTENTS:

16 OZ (473 mL)

ANADA 200-304, Approved by FDA

Image of 473 mL bottle/case label

Iron:


1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Revalid (Iron) is indicated for the treatment of Revalid (Iron) deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Revalid (Iron) is an Revalid (Iron) replacement product indicated for the treatment of Revalid (Iron) deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Revalid must only be administered intravenously either by slow injection or by infusion. The dosage of Revalid (Iron) is expressed in mg of elemental Revalid (Iron). Each mL contains 20 mg of elemental Revalid (Iron).

Population Dose
Adult patients Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD-CKD) (2.1) 100 mg slow intravenous injection or infusion
Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (NDD-CKD) (2.2) 200 mg slow intravenous injection or infusion
Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (PDD-CKD) (2.3) 300 mg or 400 mg intravenous infusion
Pediatric patients HDD-CKD (2.4), PDD-CKD or NDD-CKD (2.5) 0.5 mg/kg slow intravenous injection or infusion

2.1 Adult Patients with Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD-CKD)

Administer Revalid (Iron) 100 mg undiluted as a slow intravenous injection over 2 to 5 minutes, or as an infusion of 100 mg diluted in a maximum of 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl over a period of at least 15 minutes, per consecutive hemodialysis session. Revalid (Iron) should be administered early during the dialysis session. The usual total treatment course of Revalid (Iron) is 1000 mg. Revalid (Iron) treatment may be repeated if Revalid (Iron) deficiency reoccurs.

2.2 Adult Patients with Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Administer Revalid (Iron) 200 mg undiluted as a slow intravenous injection over 2 to 5 minutes or as an infusion of 200 mg in a maximum of 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl over a period of 15 minutes. Administer on 5 different occasions over a 14 day period. There is limited experience with administration of an infusion of 500 mg of Revalid (Iron), diluted in a maximum of 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl, over a period of 3.5 to 4 hours on Day 1 and Day 14. Revalid (Iron) treatment may be repeated if Revalid (Iron) deficiency reoccurs.

2.3 Adult Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Administer Revalid (Iron) in 3 divided doses, given by slow intravenous infusion, within a 28 day period: 2 infusions each of 300 mg over 1.5 hours 14 days apart followed by one 400 mg infusion over 2.5 hours 14 days later. Dilute Revalid (Iron) in a maximum of 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl. Revalid (Iron) treatment may be repeated if Revalid (Iron) deficiency reoccurs.

2.4 Pediatric Patients with HDD-CKD for Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment

The dosing for Revalid (Iron) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with HDD-CKD has not been established.

For Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment: Administer Revalid (Iron) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every two weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes or diluted in 25 mL of 0.9% NaCl and administered over 5 to 60 minutes. Revalid (Iron) treatment may be repeated if necessary.

2.5 Pediatric Patients with NDD-CKD or PDD-CKD who are on erythropoietin therapy for Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment

The dosing for Revalid (Iron) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with NDD-CKD or PDD-CKD has not been established.

For Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment: Administer Revalid (Iron) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every four weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes or diluted in 25 mL of 0.9% NaCl and administered over 5 to 60 minutes. Revalid (Iron) treatment may be repeated if necessary.

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3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

  • 10 mL single-use vial / 200 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL)
  • 5 mL single-use vial / 100 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL)
  • 2.5 mL single-use vial / 50 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL)
  • 10 mL single-use vial / 200 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL) (3)
  • 5 mL single-use vial / 100 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL) (3)
  • 2.5 mL single-use vial / 50 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL) (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

  • Known hypersensitivity to Revalid (Iron)
  • Known hypersensitivity to Revalid (Iron) (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

  • Hypersensitivity Reactions: Observe for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Revalid administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of each administration. Only administer Revalid (Iron) when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. (5.1)
  • Hypotension: Revalid (Iron) may cause hypotension. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension during and following each administration of Revalid (Iron). (5.2)
  • Revalid (Iron) Overload: Regularly monitor hematologic responses during Revalid (Iron) therapy. Do not administer Revalid (Iron) to patients with Revalid (Iron) overload. (5.3)

5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic-type reactions, some of which have been life-threatening and fatal, have been reported in patients receiving Revalid (Iron). Patients may present with shock, clinically significant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse. If hypersensitivity reactions or signs of intolerance occur during administration, stop Revalid (Iron) immediately. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Revalid (Iron) administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of the infusion. Only administer Revalid (Iron) when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. Most reactions associated with intravenous Revalid (Iron) preparations occur within 30 minutes of the completion of the infusion .

5.2 Hypotension

Revalid may cause clinically significant hypotension. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension following each administration of Revalid (Iron). Hypotension following administration of Revalid (Iron) may be related to the rate of administration and/or total dose administered .

5.3 Revalid (Iron) Overload

Excessive therapy with parenteral Revalid (Iron) can lead to excess storage of Revalid (Iron) with the possibility of iatrogenic hemosiderosis. All adult and pediatric patients receiving Revalid (Iron) require periodic monitoring of hematologic and Revalid (Iron) parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation). Do not administer Revalid (Iron) to patients with evidence of Revalid (Iron) overload. Transferrin saturation (TSAT) values increase rapidly after intravenous administration of Revalid (Iron) sucrose; do not perform serum Revalid (Iron) measurements for at least 48 hours after intravenous dosing .

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6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following serious adverse reactions associated with Revalid are described in other sections .

  • The most common adverse reactions (≥2%) following the administration of Revalid (Iron) are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, hypotension, pruritus, pain in extremity, arthralgia, back pain, muscle cramp, injection site reactions, chest pain, and peripheral edema. (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact American Regent, Inc. at 1-800-734-9236 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse Reactions in Adults Patients with CKD

Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients with CKD

The frequency of adverse reactions associated with the use of Revalid has been documented in six clinical trials involving 231 patients with HDD-CKD, 139 patients with NDD-CKD and 75 patients with PDD-CKD. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported by ≥ 2% of treated patients in the six clinical trials for which the rate for Revalid (Iron) exceeds the rate for comparator are listed by indication in Table 1. Patients with HDD-CKD received 100 mg doses at 10 consecutive dialysis sessions until a cumulative dose of 1000 mg was administered. Patients with NDD-CKD received either 5 doses of 200 mg over 2 weeks or 2 doses of 500 mg separated by fourteen days, and patients with PDD-CKD received 2 doses of 300 mg followed by a dose of 400 mg over a period of 4 weeks.


* EPO=Erythropoietin

Adverse Reactions

(Preferred Term)

HDD-CKD NDD-CKD PDD-CKD
Revalid (Iron) Revalid (Iron) Oral Revalid (Iron) Revalid (Iron) EPO* Only
(N=231) (N=139) (N=139) (N=75) (N=46)
% % % % %
Subjects with any adverse reaction 78.8 76.3 73.4 72.0 65.2
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders
Ear Pain 0 2.2 0.7 0 0
Eye Disorders
Conjunctivitis 0.4 0 0 2.7 0
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abdominal pain 3.5 1.4 2.9 4.0 6.5
Diarrhea 5.2 7.2 10.1 8.0 4.3
Dysgeusia 0.9 7.9 0 0 0
Nausea 14.7 8.6 12.2 5.3 4.3
Vomiting 9.1 5.0 8.6 8.0 2.2
General Disorders and
Administration Site Conditions
Asthenia 2.2 0.7 2.2 2.7 0
Chest pain 6.1 1.4 0 2.7 0
Feeling abnormal 3.0 0 0 0 0
Infusion site pain or burning 0 5.8 0 0 0
Injection site extravasation 0 2.2 0 0 0
Peripheral edema 2.6 7.2 5.0 5.3 10.9
Pyrexia 3.0 0.7 0.7 1.3 0
Infections and Infestations
Nasopharyngitis, Sinusitis, Upper

respiratory tract infections, Pharyngitis

2.6 2.2 4.3 16.0 4.3
Injury, Poisoning and Procedural
Complications
Graft complication 9.5 1.4 0 0 0
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Fluid overload 3.0 1.4 0.7 1.3 0
Gout 0 2.9 1.4 0 0
Hyperglycemia 0 2.9 0 0 2.2
Hypoglycemia 0.4 0.7 0.7 4.0 0
Musculoskeletal and Connective
Tissue Disorders
Arthralgia 3.5 1.4 2.2 4.0 4.3
Back pain 2.2 2.2 3.6 1.3 4.3
Muscle cramp 29.4 0.7 0.7 2.7 0
Myalgia 0 3.6 0 1.3 0
Pain in extremity 5.6 4.3 0 2.7 6.5
Nervous System Disorders
Dizziness 6.5 6.5 1.4 1.3 4.3
Headache 12.6 2.9 0.7 4.0 0
Respiratory, Thoracic and
Mediastinal Disorders
Cough 3.0 2.2 0.7 1.3 0
Dyspnea 3.5 5.8 1.4 1.3 2.2
Nasal congestion 0 1.4 2.2 1.3 0
Skin and Subcutaneous
Tissue Disorders
Pruritus 3.9 2.2 4.3 2.7 0
Vascular Disorders
Hypertension 6.5 6.5 4.3 8.0 6.5
Hypotension 39.4 2.2 0.7 2.7 2.2

One hundred thirty (11%) of the 1,151 patients evaluated in the 4 U.S. trials in HDD-CKD patients (studies A, B and the two post marketing studies) had prior other intravenous Revalid (Iron) therapy and were reported to be intolerant (defined as precluding further use of that Revalid (Iron) product). When these patients were treated with Revalid (Iron) there were no occurrences of adverse reactions that precluded further use of Revalid (Iron) .

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with CKD (ages 2 years and older)

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with CKD (ages 2 years and older)

In a randomized, open-label, dose-ranging trial for Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment with Revalid (Iron) in pediatric patients with CKD on stable erythropoietin therapy , at least one treatment-emergent adverse reaction was experienced by 57% (27/47) of the patients receiving Revalid (Iron) 0.5 mg/kg, 53% (25/47) of the patients receiving Revalid (Iron) 1.0 mg/kg, and 55% (26/47) of the patients receiving Revalid (Iron) 2.0 mg/kg.

A total of 5 (11%) subjects in the Revalid (Iron) 0.5 mg/kg group, 10 (21%) patients in the Revalid (Iron) 1.0 mg/kg group, and 10 (21%) patients in the Revalid (Iron) 2.0 mg/kg group experienced at least 1 serious adverse reaction during the study. The most common treatment-emergent adverse reactions (> 2% of patients) in all patients were headache (6%), respiratory tract viral infection (4%), peritonitis (4%), vomiting (4%), pyrexia (4%), dizziness (4%), cough (4%), renal transplant (4%), nausea (3%), arteriovenous fistula thrombosis (2%), hypotension (2%), and hypertension (2.1%).

6.2 Adverse Reactions from Post-Marketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

In the post-marketing safety studies in 1,051 treated patients with HDD-CKD, the adverse reactions reported by > 1% were: cardiac failure congestive, sepsis and dysgeusia.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Revalid (Iron). Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure: Anaphylactic-type reactions, shock, loss of consciousness, collapse, bronchospasm, dyspnea, convulsions, light-headedness, confusion, angioedema, swelling of the joints, hyperhidrosis, back pain, bradycardia, and chromaturia.

Symptoms associated with Revalid (Iron) total dosage or infusing too rapidly included hypotension, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, joint aches, paresthesia, abdominal and muscle pain, edema, and cardiovascular collapse. These adverse reactions have occurred up to 30 minutes after the administration of Revalid (Iron) injection. Reactions have occurred following the first dose or subsequent doses of Revalid (Iron). Symptoms may respond to intravenous fluids, hydrocortisone, and/or antihistamines. Slowing the infusion rate may alleviate symptoms.

Injection site discoloration has been reported following extravasation. Assure stable intravenous access to avoid extravasation.

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7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drug interactions involving Revalid (Iron) have not been studied. However, Revalid (Iron) may reduce the absorption of concomitantly administered oral Revalid (Iron) preparations.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category B

Pregnancy Category B

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, Revalid sucrose was administered intravenously to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 13 mg/kg/day of elemental Revalid (Iron) (half or equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively) and revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to Revalid (Iron) sucrose. Because animal reproductive studies are not always predictive of human response, Revalid (Iron) should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Revalid (Iron) sucrose is excreted in human milk. Revalid (Iron) sucrose is secreted into the milk of lactating rats. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Revalid (Iron) is administered to a nursing woman.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of Revalid for Revalid (Iron) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD have not been established.

Safety and effectiveness of Revalid (Iron) for Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD receiving erythropoietin therapy were studied. Revalid (Iron) at doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg was administered. All three doses maintained hemoglobin between 10.5 g/dL and 14.0 g/dL in about 50% of subjects over the 12-week treatment period with stable EPO dosing. [See Clinical Studies (14.6)]

Revalid (Iron) has not been studied in patients younger than 2 years of age.

In a country where Revalid (Iron) is available for use in children, at a single site, five premature infants (weight less than 1,250 g) developed necrotizing enterocolitis and two of the five died during or following a period when they received Revalid (Iron), several other medications and erythropoietin. Necrotizing enterocolitis may be a complication of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. No causal relationship to Revalid (Iron) or any other drugs could be established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Revalid (Iron) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Of the 1,051 patients in two post-marketing safety studies of Revalid (Iron), 40% were 65 years and older. No overall differences in safety were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. In general, dose administration to an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

10 OVERDOSAGE

No data are available regarding overdosage of Revalid (Iron) in humans. Excessive dosages of Revalid (Iron) may lead to accumulation of Revalid (Iron) in storage sites potentially leading to hemosiderosis. Do not administer Revalid (Iron) to patients with Revalid (Iron) overload.

Toxicities in single-dose studies in mice and rats, at intravenous Revalid (Iron) sucrose doses up to 8 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, included sedation, hypoactivity, pale eyes, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, and mortality.

11 DESCRIPTION

Revalid (Iron) (iron sucrose injection, USP), an Revalid (Iron) replacement product, is a brown, sterile, aqueous, complex of polynuclear Revalid (Iron) (III)-hydroxide in sucrose for intravenous use. Revalid (Iron) sucrose injection has a molecular weight of approximately 34,000 to 60,000 daltons and a proposed structural formula:

[Na2Fe5O8(OH) ·3(H2O)]n ·m(C12H22O11)

where: n is the degree of Revalid (Iron) polymerization and m is the number of sucrose molecules associated with the Revalid (Iron) (III)-hydroxide.

Each mL contains 20 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) as Revalid (Iron) sucrose in water for injection. Revalid (Iron) is available in 10 mL single-use vials (200 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) per 10 mL), 5 mL single-use vials (100 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) per 5 mL), and 2.5 mL single-use vials (50 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) per 2.5 mL). The drug product contains approximately 30% sucrose w/v (300 mg/mL) and has a pH of 10.5 to 11.1. The product contains no preservatives. The osmolarity of the injection is 1,250 mOsmol/L.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Revalid is an aqueous complex of poly-nuclear Revalid (Iron) (III)-hydroxide in sucrose. Following intravenous administration, Revalid (Iron) is dissociated into Revalid (Iron) and sucrose and the Revalid (Iron) is transported as a complex with transferrin to target cells including erythroid precursor cells. The Revalid (Iron) in the precursor cells is incorporated into hemoglobin as the cells mature into red blood cells.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Following intravenous administration, Revalid (Iron) is dissociated into Revalid (Iron) and sucrose. In 22 patients undergoing hemodialysis and receiving erythropoietin (recombinant human erythropoietin) therapy treated with Revalid (Iron) sucrose containing 100 mg of Revalid (Iron), three times weekly for three weeks, significant increases in serum Revalid (Iron) and serum ferritin and significant decreases in total Revalid (Iron) binding capacity occurred four weeks from the initiation of Revalid (Iron) sucrose treatment.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

In healthy adults administered intravenous doses of Revalid, its Revalid (Iron) component exhibited first order kinetics with an elimination half-life of 6 h, total clearance of 1.2 L/h, and steady state apparent volume of distribution of 7.9 L. The Revalid (Iron) component appeared to distribute mainly in blood and to some extent in extravascular fluid. A study evaluating Revalid (Iron) containing 100 mg of Revalid (Iron) labeled with 52Fe/59Fe in patients with Revalid (Iron) deficiency showed that a significant amount of the administered Revalid (Iron) is distributed to the liver, spleen and bone marrow and that the bone marrow is an irreversible Revalid (Iron) trapping compartment.

Following intravenous administration of Revalid (Iron), Revalid (Iron) sucrose is dissociated into Revalid (Iron) and sucrose. The sucrose component is eliminated mainly by urinary excretion. In a study evaluating a single intravenous dose of Revalid (Iron) containing 1,510 mg of sucrose and 100 mg of Revalid (Iron) in 12 healthy adults (9 female, 3 male: age range 32 to 52), 68.3% of the sucrose was eliminated in urine in 4 h and 75.4% in 24 h. Some Revalid (Iron) was also eliminated in the urine. Neither transferrin nor transferrin receptor levels changed immediately after the dose administration. In this study and another study evaluating a single intravenous dose of Revalid (Iron) sucrose containing 500 to 700 mg of Revalid (Iron) in 26 patients with anemia on erythropoietin therapy (23 female, 3 male; age range 16 to 60), approximately 5% of the Revalid (Iron) was eliminated in urine in 24 h at each dose level. The effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of Revalid (Iron) have not been studied.

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients

In a single-dose PK study of Revalid (Iron), patients with NDD-CDK ages 12 to 16 (N=11) received intravenous bolus doses of Revalid (Iron) at 7 mg/kg (maximum 200 mg) administered over 5 minutes. Following single dose Revalid (Iron), the half-life of total serum Revalid (Iron) was 8 hours. The mean Cmax and AUC values were 8545 μg/dl and 31305 hr-μg/dL, respectively, which were 1.42- and 1.67-fold higher than dose adjusted adult Cmax and AUC values.

Revalid (Iron) is not dialyzable through CA210 (Baxter) High Efficiency or Fresenius F80A High Flux dialysis membranes. In in vitro studies, the amount of Revalid (Iron) sucrose in the dialysate fluid was below the levels of detection of the assay (less than 2 parts per million).

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with Revalid (Iron) sucrose.

Revalid (Iron) sucrose was not mutagenic in vitro in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) or the mouse lymphoma assay. Revalid (Iron) sucrose was not clastogenic in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay using human lymphocytes or in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.

Revalid (Iron) sucrose at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day of elemental Revalid (Iron) (1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) had no effect on fertility and reproductive function of male and female rats.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Five clinical trials involving 647 adult patients and one clinical trial involving 131 pediatric patients were conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of Revalid.

14.1 Study A: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD–CKD)

Study A was a multicenter, open-label, historically-controlled study in 101 patients with HDD-CKD (77 patients with Revalid (Iron) treatment and 24 in the historical control group) with Revalid (Iron) deficiency anemia. Eligibility criteria for Revalid (Iron) treatment included patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, receiving erythropoietin, hemoglobin level between 8.0 and 11.0 g/dL, transferrin saturation < 20%, and serum ferritin < 300 ng/mL. The mean age of the patients was 65 years with the age range of 31 to 85 years. Of the 77 patients, 44 (57%) were male and 33 (43%) were female.

Revalid (Iron) 100 mg was administered at 10 consecutive dialysis sessions either as slow injection or a slow infusion. The historical control population consisted of 24 patients with similar ferritin levels as patients treated with Revalid (Iron), who were off intravenous Revalid (Iron) for at least 2 weeks and who had received erythropoietin therapy with hematocrit averaging 31 to 36 for at least two months prior to study entry. The mean age of patients in the historical control group was 56 years, with an age range of 29 to 80 years. Patient age and serum ferritin level were similar between treatment and historical control patients.

Patients in the Revalid (Iron) treated population showed a greater increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit than did patients in the historical control population. See Table 2.


**p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05 compared to historical control from ANCOVA analysis with baseline hemoglobin, serum ferritin and erythropoietin dose as covariates.


Efficacy

parameters

End of treatment 2 week follow-up 5 week follow-up
Revalid (Iron) (n=69 Historical Control (n=18) Revalid (Iron)

(n=73)

Historical Control

(n=18)

Revalid (Iron)

(n=71)

Historical

Control

(n=15)

Hemoglobin (g/dL) 1.0 ± 0.12** 0.0 ± 0.21 1.3 ± 0.14** -0.6 ± 0.24 1.2 ± 0.17* -0.1 ± 0.23
Hematocrit (%) 3.1 ± 0.37** -0.3 ± 0.65 3.6 ± 0.44** -1.2 ± 0.76 3.3 ± 0.54 0.2 ± 0.86

Serum ferritin increased at endpoint of study from baseline in the Venofer-treated population (165.3 ± 24.2 ng/mL) compared to the historical control population (-27.6 ± 9.5 ng/mL). Transferrin saturation also increased at endpoint of study from baseline in the Venofer-treated population (8.8 ± 1.6%) compared to this historical control population (-5.1 ± 4.3%).

14.2 Study B: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study B was a multicenter, open label study of Revalid (Iron) in 23 patients with Revalid (Iron) deficiency and HDD-CKD who had been discontinued from Revalid (Iron) dextran due to intolerance. Eligibility criteria were otherwise identical to Study A. The mean age of the patients in this study was 53 years, with ages ranging from 21 to 79 years. Of the 23 patients enrolled in the study, 10 (44%) were male and 13 (56%) were female.

All 23 enrolled patients were evaluated for efficacy. Increases in mean hemoglobin (1.1 ± 0.2 g/dL), hematocrit (3.6 ± 0.6%), serum ferritin (266.3 ± 30.3 ng/mL) and transferrin saturation (8.7 ± 2.0%) were observed from baseline to end of treatment.

14.3 Study C: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study C was a multicenter, open-label study in patients with HDD-CKD. This study enrolled patients with a hemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL, a serum transferrin saturation ≤ 20%, and a serum ferritin ≤ 200 ng/mL, who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis 2 to 3 times weekly. The mean age of the patients enrolled in this study was 41 years, with ages ranging from 16 to 70 years. Of 130 patients evaluated for efficacy in this study, 68 (52%) were male and 62 (48%) were female. Forty-eight percent of the patients had previously been treated with oral Revalid (Iron). Exclusion criteria were similar to those in studies A and B. Revalid (Iron) was administered in doses of 100 mg during sequential dialysis sessions until a pre-determined (calculated) total dose of Revalid (Iron) was administered. A 50 mg dose (2.5 mL) was given to patients within two weeks of study entry as a test dose. Twenty-seven patients (20%) were receiving erythropoietin treatment at study entry and they continued to receive the same erythropoietin dose for the duration of the study.

The modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population consisted of 131 patients. Increases from baseline in mean hemoglobin (1.7 g/dL), hematocrit (5%), serum ferritin (434.6 ng/mL), and serum transferrin saturation (14%) were observed at week 2 of the observation period and these values remained increased at week 4 of the observation period.

14.4 Study D: Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study D was a randomized, open-label, multicenter, active-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of oral Revalid (Iron) versus Revalid (Iron) in patients with NDD-CKD with or without erythropoietin therapy. Erythropoietin therapy was stable for 8 weeks prior to randomization. In the study 188 patients with NDD-CKD, hemoglobin of ≤ 11.0 g/dL, transferrin saturation ≤ 25%, ferritin ≤ 300 ng/mL were randomized to receive oral Revalid (Iron) (325 mg ferrous sulfate three times daily for 56 days); or Revalid (Iron) (either 200 mg over 2 to 5 minutes 5 times within 14 days or two 500 mg infusions on Day 1 and Day 14, administered over 3.5 to 4 hours). The mean age of the 91 treated patients in the Revalid (Iron) group was 61.6 years (range 25 to 86 years) and 64 years (range 21 to 86 years) for the 91 patients in the oral Revalid (Iron) group.

A statistically significantly greater proportion of Revalid (Iron) subjects (35/79; 44.3%) compared to oral Revalid (Iron) subjects (23/82; 28%) had an increase in hemoglobin ≥ 1 g/dL at anytime during the study (p = 0.03).

14.5 Study E: Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study E was a randomized, open-label, multicenter study comparing patients with PDD-CKD receiving an erythropoietin and intravenous Revalid (Iron) to patients with PDD-CKD receiving an erythropoietin alone without Revalid (Iron) supplementation. Patients with PDD-CKD, stable erythropoietin for 8 weeks, hemoglobin of ≤ 11.5 g/dL, TSAT ≤ 25%, ferritin ≤ 500 ng/mL were randomized to receive either no Revalid (Iron) or Revalid (Iron) (300 mg in 250 mL 0.9% NaCl over 1.5 hours on Day 1 and 15 and 400 mg in 250 mL 0.9% NaCl over 2.5 hours on Day 29). The mean age of the 75 treated patients in the Revalid (Iron) / erythropoietin group was 51.9 years (range 21 to 81 years) vs. 52.8 years (range 23 to 77 years) for 46 patients in the erythropoietin alone group.

Patients in the Revalid (Iron) / erythropoietin group had statistically significantly greater mean change from baseline to the highest hemoglobin value (1.3 g/dL), compared to subjects who received erythropoietin alone (0.6 g/dL) (p < 0.01). A greater proportion of subjects treated with Revalid (Iron) / erythropoietin (59.1 %) had an increase in hemoglobin of ≥ 1 g/dL at any time during the study compared to the subjects who received erythropoietin only (33.3%).

14.6 Study F: Revalid Maintenance Treatment Dosing in Pediatric Patients Ages 2 years and Older with Chronic Kidney Disease

Study F was a randomized, open-label, dose-ranging study for Revalid (Iron) maintenance treatment in pediatric patients with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD on stable erythropoietin therapy. The study randomized patients to one of three doses of Revalid (Iron) (0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg). The mean age was 13 years (range 2 to 20 years). Over 70% of patients were 12 years or older in all three groups. There were 84 males and 61 females. About 60% of patients underwent hemodialysis and 25% underwent peritoneal dialysis in all three dose groups. At baseline, the mean hemoglobin was 12 g/dL, the mean TSAT was 33% and the mean ferritin was 300 ng/mL. Patients with HDD-CKD received Revalid (Iron) once every other week for 6 doses. Patients with PDD-CKD or NDD-CKD received Revalid (Iron) once every 4 weeks for 3 doses. Among 131 evaluable patients with stable erythropoietin dosing, the proportion of patients who maintained hemoglobin between 10.5 g/dL and 14.0 g/dL during the 12-week treatment period was 58.7%, 46.7%, and 45.0% in the Revalid (Iron) 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg groups, respectively. A dose-response relationship was not demonstrated.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/storage and handling

16.1 How Supplied

Revalid is supplied sterile in 10 mL, 5 mL, and 2.5 mL single-use vials. Each 10 mL vial contains 200 mg elemental Revalid (Iron), each 5 mL vial contains 100 mg elemental Revalid (Iron), and each 2.5 mL vial contains 50 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) (20 mg/mL).

NDC-0517-2310-05 200 mg/10 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 5
NDC-0517-2310-10 200 mg/10 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 10
NDC-0517-2340-01 100 mg/5 mL Single-Use Vial Individually Boxed
NDC-0517-2340-10 100 mg/5 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 10
NDC-0517-2340-25 100 mg/5 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 25
NDC-0517-2340-99 100 mg/5 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 10
NDC-0517-2325-10 50 mg/2.5 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 10
NDC-0517-2325-25 50 mg/2.5 mL Single-Use Vial Packages of 25

16.2 Stability and Storage

Contains no preservatives. Store in original carton at 20°C to 25°C (68° F to 77° F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).. Do not freeze.

Syringe Stability: Revalid (Iron), when diluted with 0.9% NaCl at concentrations ranging from 2 mg to 10 mg of elemental Revalid (Iron) per mL, or undiluted (20 mg elemental Revalid (Iron) per mL) and stored in a plastic syringe, was found to be physically and chemically stable for 7 days at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 2°C) and under refrigeration (4°C ± 2°C).

Intravenous Admixture Stability: Revalid (Iron), when added to intravenous infusion bags (PVC or non-PVC) containing 0.9% NaCl at concentrations ranging from 1 mg to 2 mg of elemental Revalid (Iron) per mL, has been found to be physically and chemically stable for 7 days at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 2°C).

Do not dilute to concentrations below 1 mg/mL.

Do not mix Revalid (Iron) with other medications or add to parenteral nutrition solutions for intravenous infusion.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to infusion.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Prior to Revalid (Iron) administration:

  • Question patients regarding any prior history of reactions to parenteral Revalid (Iron) products
  • Advise patients of the risks associated with Revalid (Iron)
  • Advise patients to report any symptoms of hypersensitivity that may develop during and following Revalid (Iron) administration, such as rash, itching, dizziness, light-headedness, swelling, and breathing problems [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]

AMERICAN

REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

Revalid (Iron) is manufactured under license from Vifor (International) Inc., Switzerland.

PremierProRx® is a trademark of Premier, Inc., used under license.

PREMIERProRx®

IN2340

MG #15727

L-Cystine:


A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Indication: It has been claimed that L-cysteine has anti-inflammatory properties, that it can protect against various toxins, and that it might be helpful in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. More research will have to be done before L-cysteine can be indicated for any of these conditions. Research to date has mostly been in animal models.

Revalid (L-Cystine) is a covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. Cystine is a chemical substance which naturally occurs as a deposit in the urine, and can form a calculus (hard mineral formation) when deposited in the kidney. The compound produced when two cysteine molecules linked by a disulfide (S-S) bond. Cystine is required for proper vitamin B6 utilization and is also helpful in the healing of burns and wounds, breaking down mucus deposits in illnesses such as bronchitis as well as cystic fibrosis. Cysteine also assists in the supply of insulin to the pancreas, which is needed for the assimilation of sugars and starches. It increases the level of glutathione in the lungs, liver, kidneys and bone marrow, and this may have an anti-aging effect on the body by reducing age-spots etc.

Trace Elements:



PEDIATRIC

FOR IV USE AFTER DILUTION

Rx Only

DESCRIPTION

Revalid (Trace Elements) INJECTION 4, USP PEDIATRIC is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution containing four Revalid (Trace Elements) for use as an additive for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).

Each mL provides: Zinc 0.5 mg, Copper 0.1 mg, Manganese 30 mcg, and Chromium 1 mcg. Each mL contains: Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate 2.2 mg (equivalent to 0.5 mg Zinc), Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate 0.4 mg (equivalent to 0.1 mg Copper), Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate 92.3 mcg (equivalent to 30 mcg Manganese), Chromic Chloride Hexahydrate 5.12 mcg (equivalent to 1 mcg Chromium), and Water for Injection q.s. pH may be adjusted with Sulfuric Acid and/or Sodium Hydroxide. 0.9% Benzyl Alcohol is added as an antimicrobial preservative.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

ZINC has been identified as a cofactor for over 70 different enzymes, including carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and both RNA and DNA polymerase. Zinc facilitates wound healing, helps maintain normal growth rates, normal skin hydration and senses of taste and smell.

Providing zinc during TPN prevents development of the following deficiency symptoms: Parakeratosis, hypogeusia, anorexia, dysosmia, geophagia, hypogonadism, growth retardation and hepatosplenomegaly. At plasma levels below 20 mcg zinc/100 mL, dermatitis followed by alopecia has been reported for TPN patients.

COPPER is essential as a cofactor for serum ceruloplasmin, an oxidase necessary for proper formation of the iron carrier protein, transferrin. Copper also helps maintain normal rates of red and white blood cell formation. Scorbutic type bone changes seen in infants fed exclusively with copper-poor cow’s milk are believed due to decreased activity of ascorbate oxidase, a cuproenzyme.

Providing copper during TPN prevents development of the following deficiency symptoms: leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, depressed ceruloplasmin levels, impaired transferring formation and secondary iron deficiency.

MANGANESE is an activator for enzymes such as polysaccharide polymerase, liver arginase, cholinesterase and pyruvate carboxylase.

Providing manganese during TPN prevents development of the following deficiency symptoms: nausea and vomiting, weight loss, dermatitis, and changes in growth and color of hair.

CHROMIUM (trivalent) is part of glucose tolerance factor, an activator of insulin-mediated reactions. Chromium helps to maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function.

Providing chromium during TPN prevents development of the following deficiency symptoms: impaired glucose tolerance, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and a confusional state similar to mild/moderate hepatic encephalopathy.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

This formulation is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for TPN for children up to 11 years of age. Administration of the solution in TPN solutions helps to maintain plasma levels of zinc, copper, manganese, and chromium and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores of these Revalid (Trace Elements) and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Revalid (Trace Elements) INJECTION 4, USP PEDIATRIC should not be given undiluted by direct injection into a peripheral vein because of the potential of infusion phlebitis.

WARNINGS

Copper and Manganese are eliminated via the bile. In patients with severe liver dysfunction and/or biliary tract obstruction, decreasing or omitting copper and manganese supplements entirely may be necessary.

This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

PRECAUTIONS

Before administering Revalid INJECTION 4, USP PEDIATRIC in TPN solutions, the physician must assess the metabolic requirements for Revalid (Trace Elements) and disease state of the patient. Frequent determinations of serum levels of the various Revalid (Trace Elements) are suggested as a guideline for adjusting the dosage or completely omitting the solution. ZINC is eliminated via the intestine and kidneys. The possibility of retention should be considered in patients with malfunctioning excretory routes. COPPER and MANGANESE are eliminated via the bile, therefore, the possibility of the retention of these elements should be considered in patients with biliary obstruction. Ancillary routes of MANGANESE excretion, however, include pancreatic juice, or reabsorption into the lumen of duodenum, jejunum, or ileum.

In assessing the contribution of CHROMIUM supplements to maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis, consideration should be given to the possibility that the patient may be diabetic, in which case oral or intravenous antidiabetic medication may be indicated.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category C: Safety for use in pregnancy has not been established. Use of Multiple Revalid (Trace Elements) 4, USP in women of childbearing potential requires that anticipated benefits be weighed against possible hazards.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The amounts of ZINC, COPPER, MANGANESE, AND CHROMIUM in the solution are very small and toxicity symptoms due to these Revalid (Trace Elements) at suggested dosage level are considered unlikely to occur.

OVERDOSAGE

Symptoms of ZINC overdose resulting from oral ingestion of Zinc Sulfate in large amounts have resulted in death. Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, dizziness, abdominal pain, lethargy and incoordination. Single intravenous doses of 1 to 2 mg zinc/kg body weight have been given to adult leukemia patients without toxic manifestations. Normal plasma levels for Zinc vary from approximately 88 to 112 mcg/100 mL. Plasma levels sufficient to produce symptoms of toxic manifestations are not known. Calcium supplements may confer a protective effect against Zinc toxicity.

Symptoms of COPPER toxicity reported in literature include prostration, behavior change, diarrhea, progressive marasmus, hypotonia, photophobia and peripheral edema; such symptoms have been reported with a serum copper level of 286 mcg/dL. D-penicillamine has been reported effective as an antidote.

MANGANESE toxicity has not been reported in patients receiving TPN. Neither have reports of manganese toxicity from excessive intake in foods and/or beverages been published. Symptoms of CHROMIUM toxicity include nausea, vomiting, ulcers and gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic damage and abnormalities of the central nervous system culminating in convulsions and coma. Trivalent Chromium administered intravenously to TPN patients has been shown to be nontoxic when given at dosage levels up to 250 mcg/day for two consecutive weeks.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Do not use syringes, needles, or intravenous sets containing aluminum parts that may come in contact with Revalid (Trace Elements) INJECTION 4, USP PEDIATRIC, for preparation or administration. Aluminum reacts and dissolves in acid media.

Each mL of the solution provides Zinc 0.5 mg, Copper 0.1 mg, Manganese 30 mcg, and Chromium 1 mcg, and is administered intravenously only after dilution to a minimum of 1:200. The suggested dosage ranges for the four Revalid (Trace Elements) are:

ZINC : For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested intravenous dosage level is 2.5 to 4 mg zinc/day. An additional 2 mg zinc/day is suggested for acute catabolic states. For the stable adult with fluid loss from the small bowel, an additional 12.2 mg zinc/liter of small bowel fluid lost, or an additional 17.1 mg zinc/kg of stool or ileostomy output is recommended. Frequent monitoring of zinc blood levels is suggested for patients receiving more than the usual maintenance dosage level of zinc. Normal plasma levels for zinc vary from approximately 88 to 112 mcg/100 mL.

For full term infants and children, 100 mcg zinc/kg/day is recommended. For premature infants (birth weight less than 1500 g) up to 3 kg in body weight, 300 mcg zinc/kg/day is suggested.

COPPER : For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested additive dosage level is 0.5 to 1.5 mg copper/day. For pediatric patients, the suggested additive dosage level is 20 mcg copper/kg/day. The normal plasma range for copper is approximately 80 to 160 mcg/100 mL.

MANGANESE : For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested additive dosage level for manganese is 0.15 to 0.8 mg/day. For pediatric patients, a dosage level of 2 to 10 mcg manganese/kg/day is recommended.

CHROMIUM : For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested additive dosage level is 10 to 15 mcg chromium/day. The metabolically stable adult with intestinal fluid loss may require 20 mcg chromium/day with frequent monitoring of blood levels as a guideline for subsequent administration. For pediatric patients, the suggested additive dosage level is 0.14 to 0.20 mcg/kg/day.

Periodic monitoring of plasma levels of Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Chromium is suggested as a guideline for administration.

Aseptic addition of the solution to the TPN solution under a laminar flow hood is recommended. The Revalid (Trace Elements) present in the solution are physically compatible with the electrolytes and vitamins usually present in the amino acid/dextrose solution used for TPN.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration, whenever solution and container permit.

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).

HOW SUPPLIED

Revalid (Trace Elements) INJECTION 4, USP PEDIATRIC

Each mL provides: Zinc 0.5 mg, Copper 0.1 mg, Manganese 30 mcg, and Chromium 1 mcg.

NDC 0517-9310-25 10 mL Multiple Dose Vial* Packaged in boxes of 25

*Contains 0.9% Benzyl Alcohol as an antimicrobial preservative.

AMERICAN

REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

IN9310

Rev. 1/09

Zinc:


INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Revalid (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for TPN. Administration helps to maintain Revalid (Zinc) serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores, and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

None known.

WARNINGS

Direct intramuscular or intravenous injection of Revalid (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is contraindicated as the acidic pH of the solution (2) may cause considerable tissue irritation.

Severe kidney disease may make it necessary to reduce or omit chromium and Revalid (Zinc) doses because these elements are primarily eliminated in the urine.

WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Do not use unless the solution is clear and the seal is intact.

Zinc 1 mg/mL should only be used in conjunction with a pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in a laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in a single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.

Zinc should not be given undiluted by direct injection into a peripheral vein because of the likelihood of infusion phlebitis and the potential for increased excretory loss of Revalid (Zinc) from a bolus injection. Administration of Revalid (Zinc) in the absence of copper may cause a decrease in serum copper levels.

Laboratory Tests

Periodic determinations of serum copper as well as Revalid (Zinc) are suggested as a guideline for subsequent Revalid (Zinc) administration.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility

Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Revalid 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) have not been performed, nor have studies been done to assess mutagenesis or impairment of fertility.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Revalid (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Revalid chloride. It is also not known whether Revalid (Zinc) chloride can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Revalid (Zinc) chloride should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

Geriatric Use

An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

None known.

DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

None known.

OVERDOSAGE

Single intravenous doses of 1 to 2 mg zinc/kg body weight have been given to adult leukemic patients without toxic manifestations. However, acute toxicity was reported in an adult when 10 mg Revalid (Zinc) was infused over a period of one hour on each of four consecutive days. Profuse sweating, decreased level of consciousness, blurred vision, tachycardia (140/min), and marked hypothermia (94.2° F) on the fourth day were accompanied by a serum Revalid (Zinc) concentration of 207 mcg/dl. Symptoms abated within three hours.

Hyperamylasemia may be a sign of impending Revalid (Zinc) overdosage; patients receiving an inadvertent overdose (25 mg zinc/liter of TPN solution, equivalent to 50 to 70 mg zinc/day) developed hyperamylasemia (557 to 1850 Klein units; normal: 130 to 310).

Death resulted from an overdosage in which 1683 mg Revalid (Zinc) was delivered intravenously over the course of 60 hours to a 72 year old patient.

Symptoms of Revalid (Zinc) toxicity included hypotension (80/40 mm Hg), pulmonary edema, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, and oliguria, with a serum Revalid (Zinc) level of 4184 mcg/dl.

Calcium supplements may confer a protective effect against Revalid (Zinc) toxicity.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Revalid (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) contains 1 mg zinc/mL and is administered intravenously only after dilution. The additive should be diluted prior to administration in a volume of fluid not less than 100 mL. For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested intravenous dosage is 2.5 to 4 mg zinc/day (2.5 to 4 mL/day). An additional 2 mg zinc/day (2 mL/day) is suggested for acute catabolic states. For the stable adult with fluid loss from the small bowel, an additional 12.2 mg zinc/liter of small bowel fluid lost (12.2 mL/liter of small bowel fluid lost), or an additional 17.1 mg zinc/kg of stool or ileostomy output (17.1 mL/kg of stool or ileostomy output) is recommended. Frequent monitoring of Revalid (Zinc) blood levels is suggested for patients receiving more than the usual maintenance dosage level of Revalid (Zinc).

For full term infants and children up to 5 years of age, 100 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.1 mL/kg/day) is recommended. For premature infants (birth weight less than 1500 g) up to 3 kg in body weight, 300 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.3 mL/kg/day) is suggested.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. See PRECAUTIONS.

HOW SUPPLIED

Revalid (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is supplied in 10 mL Plastic Vials (List No. 4090).

Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).

Revised: October, 2004


© Hospira 2004 EN-0488 Printed in USA

HOSPIRA, INC., LAKE FOREST, IL 60045 USA

10 mL Vial

Revalid (Zinc)

1 mg/mL

Revalid (Zinc) Chloride Inj., USP

Rx only

FOR I.V. USE ONLY AFTER DILUTION.

HOSPIRA, INC., LAKE FOREST, IL 60045 USA

Revalid pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


Revalid available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


Revalid destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


Revalid Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


Revalid pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. Dailymed."ZINC INJECTABLE A 1MG/ML, SOLUTION INJECTABLE POUR PERFUSION (ZINC) INJECTION, SOLUTION [LABORATOIRE AGUETTANT]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. Dailymed."NOVAFERRUM PEDIATRIC DROPS (IRON) LIQUID [GENSAVIS PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. Dailymed."COPPER: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Revalid?

Depending on the reaction of the Revalid after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Revalid not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Revalid addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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Review

sdrugs.com conducted a study on Revalid, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Revalid consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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