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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Pralol
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Pralol uses
- Description
- Clinical pharmacology
- Clinical studies
- Indications & usage
- Contraindications
- Warnings
- Precautions
- Adverse reactions
- Overdosage
- Dosage & administration
- How supplied
DESCRIPTION
Pralol Hydrochloride, USP is a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent chemically described as (+)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol hydrochloride. Its structural formula is:
Pralol Hydrochloride, USP is a stable, white, crystalline solid which is readily soluble in water and ethanol. Its molecular weight is 295.80.
Pralol Hydrochloride Injection, USP is available as a sterile injectable solution for intravenous administration. Each mL contains 1 mg of Pralol Hydrochloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. The pH is adjusted with anhydrous Citric Acid, USP.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
General
Pralol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent possessing no other autonomic nervous system activity. It specifically competes with beta-adrenergic receptor stimulating agents for available receptor sites. When access to beta-recceptor sites is blocked by Pralol, chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are decreased proportionately. At doses greater than required for beta blockade, Pralol also exerts a quinidine-like or anesthetic-like membrane action, which affects the cardiac action potential. The significance of the membrane action in the treatment of arrhythmias is uncertain.
Mechanism of Action
The effects of Pralol are due to selective blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors, leaving alpha-adrenergic responses intact. There are two well-characterized subtypes of beta receptors (beta1 and beta2); Pralol interacts with both subtypes equally. Beta1-adrenergic receptors leads to a decrease in the activity of both normal and ectopic pacemaker cells and a decrease in A-V nodal conduction velocity. All of these actions can contribute to antiarrhythmic activity and control of ventricular rate during arrhythmias. Blockade of cardiac beta1-adrenergic receptors also decreases the myocardial force of contraction and may provoke cardiac decompensation in patients with minimal cardiac reserve.
Beta2-adrenergic receptors are found predominantly in smooth muscle-vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal and genitourinary. Blockade of these receptors results in constriction. Clinically, Pralol may exacerbate respiratory symptoms in patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma and emphysema.
Propranolol's beta blocking effects are attributable to its S(-) enantiomer.
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism
Distribution
Pralol has a distribution half-life (T1/2 alpha) of 5-10 minutes and a volume of distribution of about 4 to 5 L/kg. Approximately 90% of circulating Pralol is bound to plasma proteins. The binding is enantiomer-selective. The S-isomer is preferentially bound to alpha1 glycoprotein and the R-isomer is preferentially bound to albumin.
Metabolism and Elimination
The elimination half-life (T½ beta) is between 2 and 5.5 hours. Pralol is extensively metabolized with most metabolites appearing in the urine. The major metabolites include Pralol glucuronide, naphthyloxylactic acid, and glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of 4-hydroxy Pralol. Following single-dose intravenous administration, side-chain oxidative products account for approximately 40% of the metabolites, direct conjugation products account for approximately 45-50% of metabolites, and ring oxidative products account for approximately 10-15% of metabolites. Of these, only the primary ring oxidative product (4-hydroxypropranolol) possesses beta-adrenergic receptor blocking activity.
In vitro studies have indicated that the aromatic hydroxylation of Pralol is catalyzed mainly by polymorphic CYP2D6. Side‑chain oxidation is mediated mainly by CYP1A2 and to some extent by CYP2D6. 4-hydroxy Pralol is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Pharmacodynamics
As Pralol concentration increases, so does its beta-blocking effect, as evidenced by a reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia (n = 6 normal volunteers).
Special Populations
The pharmacokinetics of Pralol have not been investigated in patients under 18 years of age. Pralol injection is not recommended for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in pediatric patients.
Elevated Pralol plasma concentrations, a longer mean elimination half-life (254 vs. 152 minutes), and decreased systemic clearance (8 vs. 13 mL/kg/min) have been observed in elderly subjects when compared to young subjects. However, the apparent volume of distribution seems to be similar in elderly and young subjects. These findings suggest that dose adjustment of Pralol injection may be required for elderly patients.
Gender
Intravenously administered Pralol was evaluated in 5 women and 6 men. When adjusted for weight, there were no gender-related differences in elimination half-life, volume of distribution, protein binding, or systemic clearance.
In a study of intravenously administered Pralol, obese subjects had a higher AUC (161 versus 109 hr·mcg/L) and lower total clearance than did non-obese subjects. Pralol plasma protein binding was similar in both groups.
The pharmacokinetics of Pralol and its metabolites were evaluated in 15 subjects with varying degrees of renal function after Pralol administration via the intravenous and oral routes. When compared with normal subjects, an increase in fecal excretion of Pralol conjugates was observed in patients with increased renal impairment. Pralol was also evaluated in 5 patients with chronic renal failure, 6 patients on regular dialysis, and 5 healthy subjects, following a single oral dose of 40 mg of Pralol. The peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of Pralol in the chronic renal failure group were 2- to 3-fold higher (161 ng/mL) than those observed in the dialysis patients (47 ng/mL) and in the healthy subjects (26 ng/mL). Pralol plasma clearance was also reduced in the patients with chronic renal failure.
Chronic renal failure has been associated with a decrease in drug metabolism via downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity.
Pralol is extensively metabolized by the liver. In a study conducted in 6 normal subjects and 20 patients with chronic liver disease, including hepatic cirrhosis, 40 mg of R-propranolol was administered intravenously. Compared to normal subjects, patients with chronic liver disease had decreased clearance of Pralol, increased volume of distribution, decreased protein-binding, and considerable variation in half-life. Caution should be exercised when Pralol is used in this population. Consideration should be given to lowering the dose of intravenous Pralol in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
Thyroid Dysfunction
No pharmacokinetic changes were observed in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid patients when compared to their corresponding euthyroid state. Dosage adjustment does not seem necessary in either patient population based on pharmacokinetic findings.
Drug Interactions
Because propranolol’s metabolism involves multiple pathways in the cytochrome P-450 system (CYP2D6, 1A2, 2C19), administration of Pralol with drugs that are metabolized by, or affect the activity (induction or inhibition) of one or more of these pathways may lead to clinically relevant drug interactions.
Blood levels of Pralol may be increased by administration of Pralol with substrates or inhibitors of CYP2D6, such as amiodarone, cimetidine, delavirdine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine, and ritonavir. No interactions were observed with either ranitidine or lansoprazole.
Blood levels of Pralol may be increased by administration of Pralol with substrates or inhibitors of CYP1A2, such as imipramine, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine, isoniazid, ritonavir, theophylline, zileuton, zolmitriptan, and rizatriptan.
Blood levels of Pralol may be increased by administration of Pralol with substrates or inhibitors of CYP2C19, such as fluconazole, cimetidine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, teniposide, and tolbutamide. No interaction was observed with omeprazole.
Blood levels of Pralol may be decreased by administration of Pralol with inducers such as rifampin and ethanol. Cigarette smoking also induces hepatic metabolism and has been shown to increase up to 100% the clearance of Pralol, resulting in decreased plasma concentrations.
Antiarrhythmics
The AUC of propafenone is increased by more than 200% with co-administration of Pralol.
The metabolism of Pralol is reduced by co-administration of quinidine, leading to a 2- to 3-fold increased blood concentrations and greater beta-blockade.
The metabolism of lidocaine is inhibited by co-administration of Pralol, resulting in a 25% increase in lidocaine concentrations.
Calcium Channel Blockers
The mean Cmax and AUC of Pralol are increased respectively, by 50% and 30% by co-administration of nisoldipine and by 80% and 47%, by co-administration of nicardipine.
The mean values of Cmax and AUC of nifedipine are increased by 64% and 79%, respectively, by co-administration of Pralol.
Pralol does not affect the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil. Verapamil does not affect the pharmacokinetics of Pralol.
Migraine Drugs
Administration of zolmitriptan or rizatriptan with Pralol resulted in increased concentrations of zolmitriptan (AUC increased by 56% and Cmax by 37%) or rizatriptan (the AUC and Cmax were increased by 67% and 75%, respectively).
Theophylline
Co-administration of theophylline with Pralol decreases theophylline clearance by 33% to 52%.
Benzodiazepines
Pralol can inhibit the metabolism of diazepam, resulting in increased concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites. Diazepam does not alter the pharmacokinetics of Pralol.
The pharmacokinetics of oxazepam, triazolam, lorazepam, and alprazolam are not affected by co-administration of Pralol.
Neuroleptic Drugs
Co-administration of Pralol at doses greater than or equal to 160 mg/day resulted in increased thioridazine plasma concentrations ranging from 50% to 370% and increased thioridazine metabolites concentrations ranging from 33% to 210%.
Co-administration of chlorpromazine with Pralol resulted in increased plasma levels of both drugs (70% increase in Pralol concentrations).
Anti-Ulcer Drugs
Co-administration of Pralol with cimetidine, a non-specific CYP450 inhibitor, increased Pralol concentrations by about 40%. Co‑administration with aluminum hydroxide gel (1200 mg) resulted in a 50% decrease in Pralol concentrations.
Co-administration of metoclopramide with Pralol did not have a significant effect on propranolol’s pharmacokinetics.
Lipid Lowering Drugs
Co-administration of cholesteramine or colestipol with Pralol resulted in up to 50% decrease in Pralol concentrations.
Co-administration of Pralol with lovastatin or pravastatin decreased 20% to 25% the AUC of both, but did not alter their pharmacodynamics. Pralol did not have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin.
Warfarin
Concomitant administration of Pralol and warfarin has been shown to increase warfarin bioavailability and increase prothrombin time.
CLINICAL STUDIES
In a series of 225 patients with supraventricular (n = 145), ventricular (n = 69), or both (n = 11) arrythmias resistant to digitalis, intravenous Pralol hydrochloride was administered in single doses, averaging 1 to 5 mg. Approximately one-quarter of the patients with supraventricular arrhythmias (generally those with sinus or atrial tachycardia) reverted to normal sinus rhythm. About one-half had symptoms ameliorated either by a decrease in ventricular rate or an attenuation of frequency or severity of paroxysmal attacks.
Approximately one-half of patients with ventricular arrhythmias (generally those with frequent PVCs) reverted to normal sinus rhythm or responded with a reduction in ventricular rate.
Similar findings were seen in a series of 25 Bantu patients with atrial fibrillation (n = 16), sinus tachycardia (n = 5), and multifocal ventricular extrasystoles (n = 9).
In another series, 7 of 8 patients with digitalis-related tachyarrhythmia had ventricular rate decreases after intravenous Pralol. Similarly limited clinical experience has shown that intravenous Pralol will slow the ventricular rate in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or with tachycardia associated with thyrotoxicosis.
Onset of activity is usually within five minutes.
INDICATIONS & USAGE
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Intravenous administration is usually reserved for life-threatening arrhythmias or those occurring under anesthesia.
1. Supraventricular arrhythmias
Intravenous Pralol is indicated for the short-term treatment of supraventricular tachycardia, including Wolff‑Parkinson‑White syndrome and thyrotoxicosis, to decrease ventricular rate. Use in patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation should be reserved for arrythmias unresponsive to standard therapy or when more prolonged control is required. Reversion to normal sinus rhythm has occasionally been observed, predominantly in patients with sinus or atrial tachycardia.
2. Ventricular tachycardias
With the exception of those induced by catecholamines or digitalis, Pralol is not the drug of first choice. In critical situations when cardioversion techniques or other drugs are not indicated or are not effective, Pralol may be considered. If, after consideration of the risks involved, Pralol is used, it should be given intravenously in low dosage and very slowly, as the failing heart requires some sympathetic drive for maintenance of myocardial tone. Some patients may respond with complete reversion to normal sinus rhythm, but reduction in ventricular rate is more likely. Ventricular arrhythmias do not respond to Pralol as predictably as do the supraventricular arrhythmias.
Intravenous Pralol is indicated for the treatment of persistent premature ventricular extrasystoles that impair the well‑being of the patient and do not respond to conventional measures.
3. Tachyarrhythmias of digitalis intoxication
Intravenous Pralol is indicated to control ventricular rate in life-threatening digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Severe bradycardia may occur.
4. Resistant tachyarrhythmias due to excessive catecholamine action during anesthesia
Intravenous Pralol is indicated to abolish tachyarrhythmias due to excessive catecholamine action during anesthesia when other measures fail. These arrhythmias may arise because of release of endogenous catecholamines or administration of catecholamines. All general inhalation anesthetics produce some degree of myocardial depression. Therefore, when Pralol is used to treat arrhythmias during anesthesia, it should be used with extreme caution, usually with constant monitoring of the ECG and central venous pressure.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pralol is contraindicated in 1) cardiogenic shock; 2) sinus bradycardia and greater than first-degree block; 3) bronchial asthma; and 4) in patients with known hypersensitivity to Pralol hydrochloride.
WARNINGS
Cardiac Failure
Sympathetic stimulation may be a vital component supporting circulatory function in patients with congestive heart failure, and its inhibition by beta blockade may precipitate more severe failure. Although beta-blockers should be avoided in overt congestive heart failure, some have been shown to be highly beneficial when used with close follow-up in patients with a history of failure who are well compensazted and are receiving additional therapies, including diiuretics as needed. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents do not abolish the inotropic action of digitalis on heart muscle.
Nonallergic Bronchospasm (e.g., Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema)
In general, patients with bronchospastic lung disease should not receive beta blockers. Pralol should be administered with caution in this setting since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta-receptors.
Major Surgery
The necessity or desirability of withdrawal of beta-blocking therapy prior to major surgery is controversial. It should be noted, however, that the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli in propranolol-treated patients might augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures.
Pralol is a competitive inhibitor of beta-receptor agonists, and its effects can be reversed by administration of such agents, e.g., dobutamine or isoproterenol. However, such patients may be subject to protracted severe hypotension.
Diabetes and Hypoglycemia
Beta-adrenergic blockade may prevent the appearance of certain premonitory signs and symptoms (pulse rate and pressure changes) of acute hypoglycemia, especially in labile insulin-dependent diabetics. In these patients, it may be more difficult to adjust the dosage of insulin.
Pralol therapy, particularly in infants and children, diabetic or not, has been associated with hypoglycemia especially during fasting, as in preparation for surgery. Hypoglycemia has been reported after prolonged physical exertion and in patients with renal insufficiency.
Thyrotoxicosis
Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask certain clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. Therefore, abrupt withdrawal of Pralol may be followed by an exacerbation of symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including thyroid storm. Pralol may change thyroid-function tests, increasing T4 and reverse T3, and decreasing T3.
PRECAUTIONS
General
Pralol should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function.
Pralol is not indicated for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade can cause reduction of intraocular pressure. Patients should be told that Pralol might interfere with the glaucoma screening test. Withdrawal may lead to a return of elevated intraocular pressure.
Risk of anaphylactic reaction. While taking beta blockers, patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated challenge, either accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat allergic reaction.
Angina Pectoris
There have been reports of exacerbation of angina and, in some cases, myocardial infarction, following abrupt discontinuance of Pralol therapy. Therefore, when discontinuance of Pralol is planned, the dosage should be gradually reduced over at least a few weeks, and the patient should be cautioned against interruption or cessation of therapy without a physician’s advice. If Pralol therapy is interrupted and exacerbation of angina occurs, it is usually advisable to reinstitute Pralol therapy and take other measures appropriate for the management of angina pectoris. Since coronary artery disease may be unrecognized, it may be prudent to follow the above advice in patients considered at risk of having occult atherosclerotic heart disease who are given Pralol for other indications.
Clinical Laboratory Tests
In patients with hypertension, use of Pralol has been associated with elevated levels of serum potassium, serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase. In severe heart failure, the use of Pralol has been associated with increases in Blood Urea Nitrogen.
Drug Interactions
Caution should be exercised when Pralol is administered with drugs that have an effect on CYP2D6, 1A2, or 2C19 metabolic pathways. Co-administration of such drugs with Pralol may lead to clinically relevant drug interactions and changes in its efficacy and/or toxicity (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, DRUG INTERACTIONS.
Cardiovascular Drugs
Antirrhythmics
Propafenone has negative inotropic and beta-blocking properties that can be additive to those of Pralol.
Quinidine increases the concentration of Pralol and produces a greater degree of clinical beta-blockade and may cause postural hypotension.
Disopyramide is a Type I antiarrhythmic drug with potent negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and has been associated with severe bradycardia, asystole and heart failure when administered with Pralol.
Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent with negative chronotropic properties that may be additive to those seen with Pralol.
The clearance of lidocaine is reduced when administered with Pralol. Lidocaine toxicity has been reported following co-administration with Pralol.
Caution should be exercised when administering Pralol with drugs that slow A-V nodal conduction, e.g., digitalis, lidocaine and calcium channel blockers.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Caution should be exercised when patients receiving a beta-blocker are administered a calcium-channel-blocking drug with negative inotropic and/or chronotropic effects. Both agents may depress myocardial contractility or atrioventricular conduction.
There have been reports of significant bradycardia, heart failure, and cardiovascular collapse with concurrent use of verapamil and beta‑blockers.
Co-administration of Pralol and diltiazem in patients with cardiac disease has been associated with bradycardia, hypotension, high degree heart block, and heart failure.
ACE Inhibitors
When combined with beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors can cause hypotension, particularly in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.
ACE inhibitors have been reported to increase bronchial hyperreactivity when administered with Pralol.
The antihypertensive effects of clonidine may be antagonized by beta-blockers. Pralol should be administered cautiously to patients withdrawing from clonidine.
Alpha-blockers
Prazosin has been associated with prolongation of first dose hypotension in the presence of beta-blockers.
Postural hypotension has been reported in patients taking both beta-blockers and terazosin or doxazosin.
Reserpine
Patients receiving catecholamine-depleting drugs, such as reserpine, with Pralol should be closely observed for excess reduction of resting sympathetic nervous activity, which may result in hypotension, marked bradycardia, vertigo, syncopal attacks, or orthostatic hypotension. Administration of reserpine with Pralol may also potentiate depression.
Inotropic Agents
Patients on long-term therapy with Pralol may experience uncontrolled hypertension if administered epinephrine as a consequence of unopposed alpha-receptor stimulation. Epinephrine is therefore not indicated in the treatment of Pralol overdose.
Isoproterenol and Dobutamine
Propranolol is a competitive inhibitor of beta-receptor agonists, and its effects can be reversed by administration of such agents, e.g., dobutamine or isoproterenol. Also, Pralol may reduce sensitivity to dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing evaluation for myocardial ischemia.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported to blunt the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents.
Administration of indomethacin with Pralol may reduce the efficacy of Pralol in reducing blood pressure and heart rate.
The hypotensive effects of MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants may be exacerbated when administered with beta-blockers by interfering with the beta blocking activity of Pralol.
Methoxyflurane and trichloroethylene may depress myocardial contractility when administered with Pralol.
Administration of Pralol with warfarin increases the concentration of warfarin. Therefore, the prothrombin time should be monitored.
Hypotension and cardiac arrest have been reported with the concomitant use of Pralol and haloperidol.
Thyroxine may result in a lower than expected T3 concentration when used concomitantly with Pralol.
In dietary administration studies in which mice and rats were treated with Pralol hydrochloride for up to 18 months at doses of up to 150 mg/kg/day, there was no evidence of drug-related tumorigenesis. On a body surface area basis, this dose in the mouse and rat is, respectively, about equal to and about twice the maximum recommended human oral daily dose (MRHD) of 640 mg Pralol hydrochloride. In a study in which both male and female rats were exposed to Pralol hydrochloride in their diets at concentrations of up to 0.05% (about 50 mg/kg body weight and less than the MRHD), from 60 days prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation for two generations, there were no effects on fertility. Based on differing results from Ames Tests performed by different laboratories, there is equivocal evidence for a genotoxic effect of Pralol hydrochloride in bacteria (S. typhimurium strain TA 1538).
In a series of reproductive and developmental toxicology studies, Pralol hydrochloride was given to rats by gavage or in the diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At doses of 150 mg/kg/day, but not at doses of 80 mg/kg/day (equivalent to the MRHD on a body surface area basis), treatment was associated with embryotoxicity (reduced litter size and increased resorption rates) as well as neonatal toxicity (deaths). Pralol hydrochloride also was administered (in the feed) to rabbits (throughout pregnancy and lactation) at doses as high as 150 mg/kg/day (about 5 times the maximum recommended human oral daily dose). No evidence of embryo or neonatal toxicity was noted.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Intrauterine growth retardation has been reported for neonates whose mothers received Pralol hydrochloride during pregnancy. Neonates whose mothers received Pralol hydrochloride at parturition have exhibited bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression. Adequate facilities for monitoring such infants at birth should be available. Pralol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Pralol is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Pralol is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness of Pralol in pediatric patients have not been established.
Clinical studies of intravenous Pralol did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Elderly subjects have decreased clearance and a longer mean elimination half‑life. These findings suggest that dose adjustment of Pralol injection may be required for elderly patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of the decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
In a series of 225 patients, there were 6 deaths. Cardiovascular events (hypotension, congestive heart failure, bradycardia, and heart block) were the most common. The only other event reported by more than one patient was nausea.
Other adverse events for intravenous Pralol, reported during post-marketing surveillance include cardiac arrest, dyspnea, and cutaneous ulcers.
The following adverse events have been reported with use of formulations of sustained- or immediate-release oral Pralol and may be expected with intravenous Pralol.
Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, constipation, mesenteric arterial thrombosis, ischemic colitis.
OVERDOSAGE
Pralol is not significantly dialyzable. In the event of overdose or exaggerated response, the following measures should be employed:
Hypotension and bradycardia have been reported following Pralol overdose and should be treated appropriately. Glucagon can exert potent inotropic and chronotropic effects and may be particularly useful for the treatment of hypotension or depressed myocardial function after a Pralol overdose. Glucagon should be administered as 50-150 mcg/kg intravenously followed by continuous drip of 1-5 mg/hour for positive chronotropic effect. Isoproterenol, dopamine, or phosphodiesterase inhibitors may also be useful. Epinephrine, however, may provoke uncontrolled hypertension. Bradycardia can be treated with atropine or isoproterenol. Serious bradycardia may require temporary cardiac pacing.
The electrocardiogram, pulse, blood pressure, neurobehavioral status and intake and output balance must be monitored. Isoproterenol and aminophylline may be useful for bronchospasm.
DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
The usual dose is 1 to 3 mg administered under careful monitoring, such as electrocardiography and central venous pressure. The rate of administration should not exceed 1 mg (1 mL) per minute to diminish the possibility of lowering blood pressure and causing cardiac standstill. Sufficient time should be allowed for the drug to reach the site of action even when a slow circulation is present. If necessary, a second dose may be given after two minutes. Thereafter, additional drug should not be given in less than four hours. Additional Pralol hydrochloride should not be given when the desired alteration in rate or rhythm is achieved.
Transfer to oral therapy as soon as possible.
HOW SUPPLIED
Each mL contains 1 mg of Pralol Hydrochloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. The pH is adjusted with anhydrous Citric Acid, USP. Supplied as: 1 mL vials in boxes of 10 (NDC 0143-9872-10).
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). Protect from freezing or excessive heat.
Manufactured by: HIKMA FARMACÊUTICA (PORTUGAL), S.A.
Estrada do Rio da Mó, 8, 8A e 8B – Fervença – 2705-906 Terrugem SNT, PORTUGAL
Distributed by: WEST-WARD PHARMACEUTICAL CORP.
Eatontown, NJ 07724 USA
Rev.: 05/2015
PIN166-WES/4
Pralol pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:
Pralol available forms, composition, doses:
Pralol destination | category:
Pralol Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:
Pralol pharmaceutical companies:
References
- Dailymed."PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE TABLET [BRYANT RANCH PREPACK]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
- "propranolol". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/co... (accessed August 28, 2018).
- "propranolol". http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB0057... (accessed August 28, 2018).
Frequently asked Questions
Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Pralol?Depending on the reaction of the Pralol after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Pralol not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Pralol addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
Review
sdrugs.com conducted a study on Pralol, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Pralol consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.Visitor reports
One visitor reported useful
How is the drug Pralol useful in reducing or relieving the symptoms? How useful is it?According to the survey conducted by the website sdrugs.com, there are variable results and below are the percentages of the users that say the medicine is useful to them and that say it is not helping them much. It is not ideal to continue taking the medication if you feel it is not helping you much. Contact your healthcare provider to check if there is a need to change the medicine or if there is a need to re-evaluate your condition. The usefulness of the medicine may vary from patient to patient, depending on the other diseases he is suffering from and slightly depends on the brand name.
| Visitors | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Useful | 1 | 100.0% | |
One visitor reported side effects
Did you get side effects while taking the Pralol drug, or were there no side effects?According to the survey conducted by website sdrugs.com users, the below-mentioned percentages indicate the number of people experiencing the side effects and the number of people not experiencing the side effects when taking Pralol medicine. Every drug produces minimal side effects, and they are negligible most times, when compared to the desired effect [use] of the medicine. Side effects depend on the dose you are taking, any drug interactions that happen when you are on other medications, if the patient is sensitive, and other associated conditions. If you cannot tolerate the side effects, consult your doctor immediately, so he can either adjust the dose or change the medication.
| Visitors | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| It has side effects | 1 | 100.0% | |
Visitor reported price estimates
No survey data has been collected yetTwo visitors reported frequency of use
How often in a day do you take the medicine?Are you taking the Pralol drug as prescribed by the doctor?
Few medications can be taken 3 times in a day more than prescribed when the doctor's advice mentions the medicine can be taken according to frequency or severity of symptoms. Most times, be very careful and clear about the number of times you are taking the medication. The report of sdrugs.com website users about the frequency of taking the drug Pralol is mentioned below.
| Visitors | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 times in a day | 1 | 50.0% | |
| Once in a day | 1 | 50.0% | |
One visitor reported doses
What is the dose of Pralol drug you are taking?According to the survey conducted among sdrugs.com website users, the maximum number of people are using the following dose 11-50mg. Few medications come in only one or two doses. Few are specific for adult dose and child dose. The dose of the medicine given to the patient depends on the severity of the symptom/disease. There can be dose adjustments made by the doctor, based on the progression of the disease. Follow-up is important.
| Visitors | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 11-50mg | 1 | 100.0% | |
Two visitors reported time for results
What is the time duration Pralol drug must be taken for it to be effective or for it to reduce the symptoms?Most chronic conditions need at least some time so the dose and the drug action gets adjusted to the body to get the desired effect. The stastistics say sdrugs.com website users needed 1 month to notice the result from using Pralol drug. The time needed to show improvement in health condition after using the medicine Pralol need not be same for all the users. It varies based on other factors.
| Visitors | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 month | 1 | 50.0% | |
| 2 days | 1 | 50.0% | |
Visitor reported administration
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology