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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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When are you taking this medicine? |
Dimethicone:
Fragrance:
Nutraisdin Zn is an antiseptic. This medication is a quaternary ammonium compound, belongs to the cationic surfactant. Benzalkonium chloride has antimicrobial and antiviral activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex Type 2, Staphylococcus aureus, little active against Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, Haemophilus ducreyi and Treponema pallidum.
Nutraisdin Zn (Fragrance) is not active against Mycoplasma spp.
This medicine exerts spermicidal action which is due to the ability to damage the sperm membrane; inhibits sperm motility, disrupting electrolyte balance of the aqueous phase of cervical mucus.
Nutraisdin Zn (Fragrance) for external and local application is practically not absorbed.
For external use only. Topical solution - a primary and delayed primary wound treatment, prevention of secondary infection of wounds hospital strains of microorganisms (injury of soft and bone tissue, burns), festering wounds, drainage of bone cavities following surgery for osteomyelitis.
Weight thick - superficial thermal burns, trophic ulcers, long-unhealed wounds of soft tissues (including infected), pyo-inflammatory skin diseases and diabetes mellitus; paraproctitis.
Tablets and capsules for intravaginal use, vaginal suppositories, creams, tampons - local contraception for women of reproductive age: for the presence of contraindications to the use of oral contraceptives or intrauterine devices, in the postpartum period, lactation, after the termination of pregnancy in premenopause period at irregular sexual life, omission or delay in receiving consistently used oral contraceptives.
Liquid concentrate - disinfection of facilities and medical products.
Topically. The solution was diluted with distilled water to make 1% aqueous solution, impregnated gauze dressings, napkins or tampons and put on the wound daily.
Mass is applied at the rate of 0.2-0.4 g/cm2 of wound surface, pre-clean the wound from the purulent discharge, necrotic tissue, or impose gauze or use turundas impregnated with drugs. The maximum daily dose is 50 g. Ligation is carried out daily, the course of treatment is 14 days.
Intravaginally. Benzalkonium chloride entered deeply into the vagina before coition; in case of repeated sexual intercourse it should be re-imposition of tablets, capsules, suppositories, creams; tampon can be removed not earlier than 3 h after the last sexual intercourse but no later than 24 hours after its installation (with repeated sexual acts for 1 day shift tampon is not required).
Concentrate Liquid. Benzalkonium chloride used for disinfection after prior dilution with water.
Contact dermatitis, candidiasis, vulvovaginal and allergic reactions.
With prolonged use of Nutraisdin Zn (Fragrance) it is possible a local irritation.
Hypersensitivity to benzalkonium chloride, contact dermatitis, malignant neoplasm of the skin; for intravaginal use - coleitis, ulceration and irritation of the mucous membrane of the vagina and uterus.
Nutraisdin Zn has no negative impact on pregnancy. This medicine is not excreted in breast milk and it can be used during lactation.
To improve the efficiency it requires careful observance of the application method. Benzalkonium chloride can be used in conjunction with a vaginal diaphragm or intrauterine device. You should avoid bathing or irrigation of the vagina with soapy water for 2 hours before and within 2 hours after sexual intercourse (this medication is destroyed by soap), outdoor toilet is only possible with clean water.
Benzalkonium chloride is incompatible with soaps and other anionic surfactants as well as citrates, iodides, nitrates, permanganates, salicylates, silver salts and tartrates.
Any substance introduced intravaginally can reduce local spermicidal action (including soaps and solutions containing it). Iodine solutions inactivate Nutraisdin Zn (Fragrance).
Glycerol:
Indications and Usage (1) | 04/2017 |
Dosage and Administration (2.1) | 04/2017 |
Dosage and Administration (2.2) | 04/2017 |
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is indicated for use as a nitrogen-binding agent for chronic management of patients 2 months of age and older with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) who cannot be managed by dietary protein restriction and/or amino acid supplementation alone. Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) must be used with dietary protein restriction and, in some cases, dietary supplements (e.g., essential amino acids, arginine, citrulline, protein-free calorie supplements).
Limitations of Use:
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is a nitrogen-binding agent indicated for chronic management of patients 2 months of age and older with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) who cannot be managed by dietary protein restriction and/or amino acid supplementation alone. Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) must be used with dietary protein restriction and, in some cases, dietary supplements. (1)
Limitations of Use:
Switching From Sodium Phenylbutyrate Tablets or Powder to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol):
Initial Dosage in Phenylbutyrate-Naïve Patients (2.3):
Dosage Adjustment and Monitoring:
Dosage Modifications in Patients with Hepatic Impairment:
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) should be prescribed by a physician experienced in the management of UCDs.
Patients switching from sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) should receive the dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) that contains the same amount of phenylbutyric acid. The conversion is as follows:
Total daily dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (mL) = total daily dosage of sodium phenylbutyrate tablets (g) × 0.86
Total daily dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (mL) = total daily dosage of sodium phenylbutyrate powder (g) × 0.81
The recommended dosage range, based upon body surface area, in patients naïve to phenylbutyrate is 4.5 to 11.2 mL/m2/day (5 to 12.4 g/m2/day). For patients with some residual enzyme activity who are not adequately controlled with protein restriction, the recommended starting dosage is 4.5 mL/m2/day.
In determining the starting dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in treatment-naïve patients, consider the patient's residual urea synthetic capacity, dietary protein requirements, and diet adherence. Dietary protein is approximately 16% nitrogen by weight. Given that approximately 47% of dietary nitrogen is excreted as waste and approximately 70% of an administered PBA dose will be converted to urinary phenylacetylglutamine (U-PAGN), an initial estimated Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dose for a 24-hour period is 0.6 mL Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) per gram of dietary protein ingested per 24-hour period. The total daily dosage should not exceed 17.5 mL.
During treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), patients should be followed clinically and with plasma ammonia levels to determine the need for dosage titration. Closely monitor ammonia levels after changing the dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol).
Normal Ammonia Levels
If patients experience symptoms of vomiting, nausea, headache, somnolence or confusion in the absence of high ammonia levels or other intercurrent illnesses, reduce the Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage and monitor patients clinically. If available, obtain measurements of plasma phenylacetate (PAA) concentrations and the ratio of plasma PAA to PAGN to guide dosing. A high PAA to PAGN ratio may indicate the saturation of the conjugation reaction to form PAGN. The PAA to PAGN ratio has been observed to be generally less than 1 in patients with UCDs without significant PAA accumulation .
Elevated Ammonia Levels
When plasma ammonia is elevated, increase the Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage to reduce the fasting ammonia level to less than half the upper limit of normal (ULN) in patients 6 years and older. In infants and pediatric patients (generally below 6 years of age), where obtaining fasting ammonia is problematic due to frequent feedings, adjust the dosage to keep the first ammonia of the morning below the ULN.
Urinary Phenylacetylglutamine: If available, U-PAGN measurements may be used to help guide Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage adjustment. Each gram of U-PAGN excreted over 24 hours covers waste nitrogen generated from 1.4 grams of dietary protein. If U-PAGN excretion is insufficient to cover daily dietary protein intake and the fasting ammonia is greater than half the ULN, the Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage should be adjusted upward. The amount of dosage adjustment should factor in the amount of dietary protein that has not been covered, as indicated by the 24-hour U-PAGN level and the estimated Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dose needed per gram of dietary protein ingested and the maximum total daily dosage (i.e., 17.5 mL).
Consider a patient's use of concomitant medications, such as probenecid, when making dosage adjustment decisions based on U-PAGN. Probenecid may result in a decrease of the urinary excretion of PAGN .
Plasma Phenylacetate and Phenylacetylglutamine: If available, the ratio of PAA to PAGN in plasma may provide additional information to assist in dosage adjustment decisions. In patients with a high PAA to PAGN ratio, a further increase in Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage may not increase PAGN formation, even if plasma PAA concentrations are increased, due to saturation of the conjugation reaction .
For patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment, the recommended starting dosage is at the lower end of the recommended dosing range and kept at the lowest dose necessary to control the patient's ammonia levels .
It is recommended that all patients who can swallow take Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) orally, even those with nasogastric and/or gastrostomy tubes. However, for patients who cannot swallow, a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube may be used to administer Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) as follows:
For patients who require a volume of less than 1 mL per dose via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube, the delivered dosage may be less than anticipated due to adherence of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) to the plastic tubing. Therefore, these patients should be closely monitored using ammonia levels following initiation of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosing or dosage adjustments.
Oral liquid: colorless to pale yellow, 1.1 g/mL of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate (delivers 1.02 g/mL of phenylbutyrate).
Oral liquid: 1.1 g/mL. (3)
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is contraindicated in patients
The major metabolite of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), PAA, is associated with neurotoxicity. Signs and symptoms of PAA neurotoxicity, including somnolence, fatigue, lightheadedness, headache, dysgeusia, hypoacusis, disorientation, impaired memory, and exacerbation of preexisting neuropathy, were observed at plasma PAA concentrations of 500 micrograms/mL in a study of adult cancer patients who were administered PAA intravenously. In this study, adverse reactions were reversible.
In healthy subjects, after administration of 4 mL and 6 mL Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) 3 times daily for 3 days, a dose-dependent increase in all-grade nervous system adverse reactions was observed, even at exposure levels of PAA less than 100 micrograms/mL.
In clinical trials in patients with UCDs who had been on sodium phenylbutyrate prior to administration of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), peak PAA concentrations after dosing with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) ranged from 1.6 to 178 micrograms/mL (mean: 39 micrograms/mL) in adult patients, from 1 to 410 micrograms/mL (mean: 70 micrograms/mL; median: 50 micrograms/mL) in pediatric patients ages 2 years and older, and from 1 to 1215 micrograms/mL (mean: 142 micrograms/mL; median: 35 micrograms/mL) in pediatric patients ages 2 months to less than 2 years. Some patients with UCDs experienced headache, fatigue, symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, seizures, tremor and/or dizziness. No correlation between PAA levels and neurotoxicity symptoms was identified but PAA levels were generally not measured at the time of neurotoxicity symptoms.
If symptoms of vomiting, nausea, headache, somnolence or confusion, are present in the absence of high ammonia or other intercurrent illnesses, reduce the Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage .
Exocrine pancreatic enzymes hydrolyze Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in the small intestine, separating the active moiety, phenylbutyrate, from Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). This process allows phenylbutyrate to be absorbed into the circulation. Low or absent pancreatic enzymes or intestinal disease resulting in fat malabsorption may result in reduced or absent digestion of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) and/or absorption of phenylbutyrate and reduced control of plasma ammonia. Monitor ammonia levels closely in patients with pancreatic insufficiency or intestinal malabsorption.
Most common adverse reactions in adults are: diarrhea, flatulence, and headache. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Horizon Therapeutics at 1-855-823-7878 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Assessment of adverse reactions was based on exposure of 45 adult patients (31 female and 14 male) with UCD subtype deficiencies of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC, n=40), carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS, n=2), and argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS, n=1) in a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled (RAVICTI vs sodium phenylbutyrate), crossover, 4-week study (Study 1) that enrolled patients 18 years of age and older . One of the 45 patients received only sodium phenylbutyrate prior to withdrawing on day 1 of the study due to an adverse reaction.
The most common adverse reactions (occurring in at least 10% of patients) reported during short-term treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) were diarrhea, flatulence, and headache. Table 1 summarizes adverse reactions occurring in 2 or more patients treated with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) or sodium phenylbutyrate (incidence of at least 4% in either treatment arm).
Number (%) of Patients in Study 1 | ||
---|---|---|
Sodium Phenylbutyrate (N = 45) | Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (N = 44) | |
Diarrhea | 3 (7) | 7 (16) |
Headache | 4 (9) | 6 (14) |
Flatulence | 1 (2) | 6 (14) |
Abdominal pain | 2 (4) | 3 (7) |
Vomiting | 2 (4) | 3 (7) |
Decreased appetite | 2 (4) | 3 (7) |
Fatigue | 1 (2) | 3 (7) |
Dyspepsia | 3 (7) | 2 (5) |
Nausea | 3 (7) | 1 (2) |
Dizziness | 4 (9) | 0 |
Abdominal discomfort | 3 (7) | 0 |
Other Adverse Reactions
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) has been evaluated in 77 patients with UCDs (51 adult and 26 pediatric patients ages 2 years to 17 years) in 2 open-label long-term studies, in which 69 patients completed 12 months of treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (median exposure = 51 weeks). During these studies there were no deaths.
Adverse reactions occurring in at least 10% of adult patients were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, dizziness, headache, and fatigue.
Adverse reactions occurring in at least 10% of pediatric patients ages 2 years to 17 years were upper abdominal pain, rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and headache.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) has also been evaluated in 17 patients with UCDs ages 2 months to less than 2 years in 3 open-label studies. The median exposure was 6 months (range 0.2 to 18 months). Adverse reactions occurring in at least 10% of pediatric patients aged 2 months to less than 2 years were neutropenia, vomiting, diarrhea, pyrexia, hypophagia, cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, rash and papule.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure:
Corticosteroids
Use of corticosteroids may cause the breakdown of body protein and increase plasma ammonia levels. Monitor ammonia levels closely when corticosteroids and Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) are used concomitantly.
Valproic Acid and Haloperidol
Hyperammonemia may be induced by haloperidol and by valproic acid. Monitor ammonia levels closely when use of valproic acid or haloperidol is necessary in patients with UCDs.
Probenecid
Probenecid may inhibit the renal excretion of metabolites of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) including PAGN and PAA.
Drugs with narrow therapeutic index that are substrates of CYP3A4
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is a weak inducer of CYP3A4 in humans. Concomitant use of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) may decrease the systemic exposure to drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4. Monitor for decreased efficacy of drugs with narrow therapeutic index (e.g., alfentanil, quinidine, cyclosporine) .
Midazolam
Concomitant use of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) decreased the systemic exposure of midazolam. Monitor for suboptimal effect of midazolam in patients who are being treated with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol).
Lactation: Breastfeeding is not recommended.
Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to report any prenatal exposure to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) by calling the Pregnancy Registry at 1-855-823-2595 or visiting www.ucdregistry.com.
Risk Summary
Limited available data with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) use in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriage. In an animal reproduction study, administration of oral Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 2.7–times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients resulted in maternal toxicity, but had no effects on embryo-fetal development. In addition, there were no adverse developmental effects with administration of oral Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate to pregnant rats during organogenesis at 1.9 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients; however, maternal toxicity, reduced fetal weights, and variations in skeletal development were observed in pregnant rats administered oral Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate during organogenesis at doses greater than or equal to 5.7 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients [see Data].
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Data
Animal Data
Oral administration of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate during the period of organogenesis up to 350 mg/kg/day in rabbits produced maternal toxicity, but no effects on embryo-fetal development. The dose of 350 mg/kg/day in rabbits is approximately 2.7 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUCs] for PBA and PAA. In rats, at an oral dose of 300 mg/kg/day of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate (1.9 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA) during the period of organogenesis, no effects on embryo-fetal development were observed. Doses of 650 mg/kg/day or greater produced maternal toxicity and adverse effects on embryo-fetal development including reduced fetal weights and cervical ribs at the 7th cervical vertebra. The dose of 650 mg/kg/day in rats is approximately 5.7 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA. No developmental abnormalities, effects on growth, or effects on learning and memory were observed through maturation of offspring following oral administration in pregnant rats with up to 900 mg/kg/day of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate (8.5 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA) during organogenesis and lactation.
Risk Summary
There are no data on the presence of Nutraisdin Zn in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including neurotoxicity and tumorigenicity in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol).
Safety and efficacy of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) have been established in pediatric patients 2 months of age and older with UCDs.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is contraindicated in pediatric patients less than 2 months of age .
Patients 2 Years to Less Than 18 Years of Age
The safety and efficacy of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in patients 2 years to less than 18 years of age were established in 2 open-label, sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), fixed-sequence, switchover clinical studies .
Patients 2 Months to Less Than 2 Years of Age
The safety and efficacy of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in patients with UCDs, 2 months to less than 2 years of age were established in 3 open-label studies. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (plasma ammonia), and safety were studied in 17 patients between 2 months and less than 2 years of age .
Patients Less Than 2 Months of Age
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is contraindicated in patients less than 2 months of age . Pediatric patients less than 2 months of age may have immature pancreatic exocrine function, which could impair hydrolysis of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). Pancreatic lipases may be necessary for intestinal hydrolysis of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), allowing release of phenylbutyrate and subsequent formation of PAA, the active moiety. It is not known whether pancreatic and extrapancreatic lipases are sufficient for hydrolysis of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). If there is inadequate intestinal hydrolysis of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), impaired absorption of phenylbutyrate and hyperammonemia could occur.
Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data
In a juvenile rat study with daily oral dosing performed on postpartum day 2 through mating and pregnancy after maturation, terminal body weight was dose-dependently reduced by up to 16% in males and 12% in females at 900 mg/kg/day or higher (3 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA). Learning, memory, and motor activity endpoints were not affected. However, fertility (number of pregnant rats) was decreased by up to 25% at 650 mg/kg/day or higher (2.6 times the dose of 6.87 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA).
Clinical studies of Nutraisdin Zn did not include sufficient numbers of subjects 65 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
The efficacy and safety of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in patients with renal impairment are unknown. Monitor ammonia levels closely when starting patients with impaired renal function on Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol).
No studies were conducted in patients with UCDs and hepatic impairment. Because conversion of PAA to PAGN occurs in the liver, patients with hepatic impairment may have reduced conversion capability and higher plasma PAA and PAA to PAGN ratio . Therefore, dosage for patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment should be started at the lower end of the recommended dosing range and should be kept on the lowest dose necessary to control their ammonia levels .
While there is no experience with overdosage in human clinical trials, PAA, a toxic metabolite of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), can accumulate in patients who receive an overdose .
If over-exposure occurs, call your Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for current information on the management of poisoning or overdosage.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (glycerol phenylbutyrate) is a clear, colorless to pale yellow oral liquid. It is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is soluble in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and greater than 65% acetonitrile.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate is a nitrogen-binding agent. It is a triglyceride containing 3 molecules of PBA linked to a Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) backbone, the chemical name of which is benzenebutanoic acid, 1', 1' ' –(1,2,3-propanetriyl) ester with a molecular weight of 530.67. It has a molecular formula of C33H38O6. The structural formula is:
UCDs are inherited deficiencies of enzymes or transporters necessary for the synthesis of urea from ammonia. Absence of these enzymes or transporters results in the accumulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the blood and brain of affected patients. Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is a triglyceride containing 3 molecules of phenylbutyrate (PBA). PAA, the major metabolite of PBA, is the active moiety of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). PAA conjugates with glutamine (which contains 2 molecules of nitrogen) via acetylation in the liver and kidneys to form PAGN, which is excreted by the kidneys (Figure 1). On a molar basis, PAGN, like urea, contains 2 moles of nitrogen and provides an alternate vehicle for waste nitrogen excretion.
Figure 1: RAVICTI Mechanism of Action
Pharmacological Effects
In clinical studies, total 24-hour area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of ammonia concentration was comparable at steady state during the switchover period between Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) and sodium phenylbutyrate .
Cardiac Electrophysiology
The effect of multiple doses of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) 13.2 g/day and 19.8 g/day (approximately 69% and 104% of the maximum recommended daily dosage) on QTc interval was evaluated in a randomized, placebo- and active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg), four-treatment-arm, crossover study in 57 healthy subjects. The upper bound of the one-sided 95% CI for the largest placebo-adjusted, baseline-corrected QTc, based on individual correction method (QTcI) for Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), was below 10 ms. However, assay sensitivity was not established in this study because the moxifloxacin time-profile was not consistent with expectation. Therefore, an increase in mean QTc interval of 10 ms cannot be ruled out.
Absorption
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is a pro-drug of PBA. Upon oral ingestion, PBA is released from the Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) backbone in the gastrointestinal tract by lipases. PBA derived from Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is further converted by β-oxidation to PAA.
In healthy, fasting adult subjects receiving a single oral dose of 2.9 mL/m2 of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), peak plasma levels of PBA, PAA, and PAGN occurred at 2 hours, 4 hours, and 4 hours, respectively. Upon single-dose administration of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), plasma concentrations of PBA were quantifiable in 15 of 22 participants at the first sample time postdose (0.25 hours). Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) for PBA, PAA, and PAGN was 37.0 micrograms/mL, 14.9 micrograms/mL, and 30.2 micrograms/mL, respectively. In healthy subjects, intact Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was detected in plasma. While the study was inconclusive, the incomplete hydrolysis of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate cannot be ruled out.
In healthy subjects, the systemic exposure to PAA, PBA, and PAGN increased in a dose-dependent manner. Following 4 mL of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) 3 times a day for 3 days, the mean Cmax and AUC were 66 micrograms/mL and 930 micrograms∙h/mL for PBA and 28 micrograms/mL and 942 micrograms∙h/mL for PAA, respectively. In the same study, following 6 mL of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) three times a day for 3 days, mean Cmax and AUC were 100 micrograms/mL and 1400 micrograms∙h/mL for PBA and 65 µg/mL and 2064 micrograms∙h/mL for PAA, respectively.
In adult patients with UCDs receiving multiple doses of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), maximum plasma concentrations at steady state (Cmax,ss) of PBA, PAA, and PAGN occurred at 8 hours, 12 hours, and 10 hours, respectively, after the first dose in the day. Intact Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was not detectable in plasma in patients with UCDs.
Distribution
In vitro, the extent of plasma protein binding for 14C-labeled metabolites was 81% to 98% for PBA (over 1 to 250 micrograms/mL), and 37% to 66% for PAA (over 5 to 500 micrograms/mL). The protein binding for PAGN was 7% to 12% and no concentration effects were noted.
Elimination
Metabolism
Upon oral administration, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (i.e., Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate), and release PBA. PBA undergoes β-oxidation to PAA, which is conjugated with glutamine in the liver and in the kidney through the enzyme phenylacetyl-CoA: L-glutamine-N-acetyltransferase to form PAGN. PAGN is subsequently eliminated in the urine.
Saturation of conjugation of PAA and glutamine to form PAGN was suggested by increases in the ratio of plasma PAA to PAGN with increasing dose and with increasing severity of hepatic impairment.
In healthy subjects, after administration of 4 mL, 6 mL, and 9 mL 3 times daily for 3 days, the ratio of mean AUC0-23h of PAA to PAGN was 1, 1.25, and 1.6, respectively. In a separate study, in patients with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B and C), the ratios of mean Cmax values for PAA to PAGN among all patients dosed with 6 mL and 9 mL twice daily were 3 and 3.7.
In in vitro studies, the specific activity of lipases for Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was in the following decreasing order: pancreatic triglyceride lipase, carboxyl ester lipase, and pancreatic lipase–related protein 2. Further, Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was hydrolyzed in vitro by esterases in human plasma. In these in vitro studies, a complete disappearance of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate did not produce molar equivalent PBA, suggesting the formation of mono- or bis-ester metabolites. However, the formation of mono- or bis-esters was not studied in humans.
Excretion
The mean (SD) percentage of administered PBA excreted as PAGN was approximately 69% (17) in adults and 66% (24) in pediatric patients with UCDs at steady state. PAA and PBA represented minor urinary metabolites, each accounting for less than 1% of the administered dose of PBA.
Specific Populations
Age: Pediatric Population
Population pharmacokinetic modeling and dosing simulations suggest body surface area to be the most significant covariate explaining the variability of PAA clearance. PAA clearance was 10.9 L/h, 16.4 L/h, and 24.4 L/h, respectively, for patients ages 3 to 5, 6 to 11, and 12 to 17 years with UCDs.
In pediatric patients with UCDs (n = 14) ages 2 months to less than 2 years, PAA clearance was 6.8 L/h.
Sex
In healthy adult subjects, a gender effect was found for all metabolites, with women generally having higher plasma concentrations of all metabolites than men at a given dose level. In healthy female subjects, mean Cmax for PAA was 51 and 120% higher than in male volunteers after administration of 4 mL and 6 mL 3 times daily for 3 days, respectively. The dose normalized mean AUC0-23h for PAA was 108% higher in females than in males.
Renal Impairment
The pharmacokinetics of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in patients with impaired renal function, including those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or those on hemodialysis, have not been studied .
Hepatic Impairment
The effects of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) were studied in patients with mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment of (Child-Pugh class A, B, and C, respectively) receiving 100 mg/kg of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) twice daily for 7 days.
Plasma Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was not measured in patients with hepatic impairment.
After multiple doses of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in patients with hepatic impairment of Child-Pugh A, B, and C, geometric mean AUCt of PBA was 42%, 84%, and 50% higher, respectively, while geometric mean AUCt of PAA was 22%, 53%, and 94% higher, respectively, than in healthy subjects.
In patients with hepatic impairment of Child-Pugh A, B, and C, geometric mean AUCt of PAGN was 42%, 27%, and 22% lower, respectively, than that in healthy subjects.
The proportion of PBA excreted as PAGN in the urine in Child-Pugh A, B, and C was 80%, 58%, and 85%, respectively, and, in healthy volunteers, was 67%.
In another study in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B and C), mean Cmax of PAA was 144 micrograms/mL (range: 14 to 358 micrograms/mL) after daily dosing of 6 mL of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) twice daily, while mean Cmax of PAA was 292 micrograms/mL (range: 57 to 655 micrograms/mL) after daily dosing of 9 mL of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) twice daily. The ratio of mean Cmax values for PAA to PAGN among all patients dosed with 6 mL and 9 mL twice daily were 3 and 3.7, respectively.
After multiple doses, a PAA concentration greater than 200 micrograms/mL was associated with a ratio of plasma PAA to PAGN concentrations higher than 2.5 .
Drug Interaction Studies
In vitro PBA or PAA did not induce CYP1A2, suggesting that in vivo drug interactions via induction of CYP1A2 is unlikely.
In in vitro studies, PBA at a concentration of 800 micrograms/mL caused greater than 60% reversible inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 (testosterone 6β-hydroxylase activity). The in vitro study suggested that in vivo drug interactions with substrates of CYP2D6 cannot be ruled out. The inhibition of CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2C8, 2C19, and 2D6 by PAA at the concentration of 2.8 mg/mL was observed in vitro. Clinical implication of these results is unknown.
Effects of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) on other drugs
Midazolam
In healthy subjects, when oral midazolam was administered after multiple doses of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (4 mL three times a day for 3 days) under fed conditions, the mean Cmax and AUC for midazolam were 25% and 32% lower, respectively, compared to administration of midazolam alone. In addition the mean Cmax and AUC for 1-hydroxy midazolam were 28% and 58% higher, respectively, compared to administration of midazolam alone .
Celecoxib
Concomitant administration of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib, a substrate of CYP2C9. When 200 mg of celecoxib was orally administered with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) after multiple doses of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (4 mL three times a day for 6 days) under fed conditions (a standard breakfast was consumed 5 minutes after celecoxib administration), the mean Cmax and AUC for celecoxib were 13% and 8% lower than after administration of celecoxib alone.
Carcinogenesis
In a 2-year study in Sprague-Dawley rats, Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate caused a statistically significant increase in the incidence of pancreatic acinar cell adenoma, carcinoma, and combined adenoma or carcinoma at a dose of 650 mg/kg/day in males (4.7 times the dose of 6.9 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA) and 900 mg/kg/day in females (8.4 times the dose of 6.9 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA). The incidence of the following tumors was also increased in female rats at a dose of 900 mg/kg/day: thyroid follicular cell adenoma, carcinoma and combined adenoma or carcinoma, adrenal cortical combined adenoma or carcinoma, uterine endometrial stromal polyp, and combined polyp or sarcoma. The dose of 650 mg/kg/day in male rats is 3 times the dose of 7.5 mL/m2/day in pediatric patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA. The dose of 900 mg/kg/day in female rats is 5.5 times the dose of 7.5 mL/m2/day in pediatric patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA. In a 26-week study in transgenic (Tg.rasH2) mice, Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was not tumorigenic at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day.
Mutagenesis
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate was not genotoxic in the Ames test, the in vitro chromosomal aberration test in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, or the in vivo rat micronucleus test. The metabolites PBA, PAA, PAGN, and phenylacetylglycine were not genotoxic in the Ames test or in vitro chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Impairment of Fertility
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate had no effect on fertility or reproductive function in male and female rats at oral doses up to 900 mg/kg/day. At doses of 1200 mg/kg/day (approximately 7 times the dose of 6.9 mL/m2/day in adult patients, based on combined AUCs for PBA and PAA), maternal toxicity was observed and the number of nonviable embryos was increased.
Active-Controlled, 4-Week, Noninferiority Study
A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, crossover, noninferiority study (Study 1) compared Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) to sodium phenylbutyrate by evaluating venous ammonia levels in patients with UCDs who had been on sodium phenylbutyrate prior to enrollment for control of their UCD. Patients were required to have a confirmed diagnosis of UCD involving deficiencies of CPS, OTC, or ASS, confirmed via enzymatic, biochemical, or genetic testing. Patients had to have no clinical evidence of hyperammonemia at enrollment and were not allowed to receive drugs known to increase ammonia levels (e.g., valproate), increase protein catabolism (e.g., corticosteroids), or significantly affect renal clearance (e.g., probenecid).
The primary endpoint was the 24-hour AUC (a measure of exposure to ammonia over 24 hours) for venous ammonia on days 14 and 28 when the drugs were expected to be at steady state. Statistical noninferiority would be established if the upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the ratio of the geometric means (RAVICTI/sodium phenylbutyrate) for the endpoint was 1.25 or less.
Forty-five patients were randomized 1:1 to 1 of 2 treatment arms to receive either
Sodium phenylbutyrate or Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) were administered three times daily with meals. The dose of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) was calculated to deliver the same amount of PBA as the sodium phenylbutyrate dose the patients were taking when they entered the study. Forty-four patients received at least 1 dose of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in the study.
Patients adhered to a low-protein diet and received amino acid supplements throughout the study. After 2 weeks of dosing, by which time patients had reached steady state on each treatment, all patients had 24 hours of ammonia measurements.
Demographic characteristics of the 45 patients enrolled in Study 1 were as follows: mean age at enrollment was 33 years (range: 18 to 75 years); 69% were female; 33% had adult-onset disease; 89% had OTC deficiency; 7% had ASS deficiency; 4% had CPS deficiency.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) was non-inferior to sodium phenylbutyrate with respect to the 24-hour AUC for ammonia. Forty-four patients were evaluated in this analysis. Mean 24-hour AUCs for venous ammonia during steady-state dosing were 866 micromol∙h/L and 977 micromol∙h/L with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) and sodium phenylbutyrate, respectively. The ratio of geometric means was 0.91 [95% CI 0.8, 1.04].
The mean venous ammonia levels over 24-hours after 2 weeks of dosing (on day 14 and 28) in the double-blind short-term study (Study 1) are displayed in Figure 2 below. The mean and median maximum venous ammonia concentration (Cmax) over 24 hours and 24-hour AUC for venous ammonia are summarized in Table 2. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized to a common normal range of 9 to 35 micromol/L using the following formula after standardization of the units to micromol/L:
Normalized ammonia (micromol/L) = ammonia readout in micromol/L × (35/ULN of a laboratory reference range specified for each assay)
Figure 2: Venous Ammonia Response in Adult Patients with UCDs in Short-Term Treatment Study 1
Timepoint | Ammonia (n=44) | |
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Mean (SD) | Median (min, max) | |
Daily Cmax (micromol/L) | ||
RAVICTI | 61 (46) | 51 (12, 245) |
Sodium phenylbutyrate | 71 (67) | 46 (14, 303) |
24-Hour AUC (micromol∙h/L) | ||
RAVICTI | 866 (661) | 673 (206, 3351) |
Sodium phenylbutyrate | 977 (865) | 653 (302, 4666) |
Open-Label, Uncontrolled, Extension Study in Adults
A long-term (12-month), uncontrolled, open-label study (Study 2) was conducted to assess monthly ammonia control and hyperammonemic crisis over a 12-month period. A total of 51 adults were in the study and all but 6 had been converted from sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). Venous ammonia levels were monitored monthly. Mean fasting venous ammonia values in adults in Study 2 were within normal limits during long-term treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (range: 6 to 30 micromol/L). Of 51 adult patients participating in the 12-month, open-label treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), 7 patients (14%) reported a total of 10 hyperammonemic crises. The fasting venous ammonia measured during Study 2 is displayed in Figure 3. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized to a common normal range of 9 to 35 micromol/L.
Figure 3: Venous Ammonia Response in Adult Patients with UCDs in Long-Term Treatment Study 2
Open-Label, Long-Term Study in Adults
An open-label long-term, study (Study 5) was conducted to assess ammonia control in adult patients with UCDs. The study enrolled patients with UCDs who had completed the safety extensions of Study 1, Study 3 or Study 4 (Study 2, 3E and 4E, respectively). A total of 43 adult patients between the ages of 19 and 61 years were in the study. The median length of study participation was 1.9 years (range 0 to 4.5 years). Venous ammonia levels were monitored at a minimum of every 6 months. Mean fasting venous ammonia values in adult patients in Study 5 were within normal limits during long-term (24 months) treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (range: 24.2 to 31.4 micromol/L). Of the 43 adult patients participating in the open-label treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), 9 patients (21%) reported a total of 21 hyperammonemic crises. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized to a common normal range of 10 to 35 micromol/L.
The efficacy of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in pediatric patients 2 to 17 years of age with UCDs was evaluated in 2 fixed-sequence, open-label, sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) switchover studies (Studies 3 and 4). Study 3 was 7 days in duration and Study 4 was 10 days in duration.
These studies compared blood ammonia levels of patients on Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) to venous ammonia levels of patients on sodium phenylbutyrate in 26 pediatric patients between 2 months and 17 years of age with UCDs. Four patients less than 2 years of age are excluded for this analysis due to insufficient data. The dose of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) was calculated to deliver the same amount of PBA as the dose of sodium phenylbutyrate patients were taking when they entered the trial. Sodium phenylbutyrate or Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) were administered in divided doses with meals. Patients adhered to a low-protein diet throughout the study. After a dosing period with each treatment, all patients underwent 24 hours of venous ammonia measurements, as well as blood and urine pharmacokinetic assessments.
UCD subtypes included OTC (n=12), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) (n=8), and ASS deficiency (n=2), and patients received a mean Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dose of 8 mL/m2/day (8.8 g/m2/day), with doses ranging from 1.4 to 13.1 mL/m2/day (1.5 to 14.4 g/m2/day). Doses in these patients were based on previous dosing of sodium phenylbutyrate.
The 24-hour AUCs for blood ammonia (AUC0-24h) in 11 pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age with UCDs (Study 3) and 11 pediatric patients 2 years to 5 years of age with UCDs (Study 4) were similar between treatments. In children 6 to 17 years of age, the ammonia AUC0-24h was 604 micromol∙h/L vs 815 micromol∙h/L on Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) vs sodium phenylbutyrate. In the patients between 2 years and 5 years of age with UCDs, the ammonia AUC0-24h was 632 micromol∙h/L vs 720 micromol∙h/L on Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) versus sodium phenylbutyrate.
The mean venous ammonia levels over 24 hours in open-label, short-term Studies 3 and 4 at common time points are displayed in Figure 4. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized to a common normal range of 9 to 35 micromol/L using the following formula after standardization of the units to micromol/L:
Normalized ammonia (micromol/L) = ammonia readout in micromol/L × (35/ULN of a laboratory reference range specified for each assay)
Figure 4: Venous Ammonia Response in Pediatric Patients Ages 2 to 17 Years with UCDs in Short-Term Treatment Studies 3 and 4
Open-Label, Uncontrolled, Extension Studies in Children Ages 2 to 17 Years
Long-term (12-month), uncontrolled, open-label studies were conducted to assess monthly ammonia control and hyperammonemic crisis over a 12-month period. In two studies (Study 2, which also enrolled adults, and an extension of Study 3, referred to here as Study 3E), a total of 26 children ages 6 to 17 were enrolled and all but 1 had been converted from sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). Mean fasting venous ammonia values were within normal limits during long-term treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (range: 17 to 23 micromol/L). Of the 26 pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age participating in these two trials, 5 patients (19%) reported a total of 5 hyperammonemic crises. The fasting venous ammonia measured during these two extension studies in patients 6 to 17 years is displayed in Figure 5. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized to a common normal range of 9 to 35 micromol/L.
Figure 5: Venous Ammonia Response in Pediatric Patients Ages 2 to 17 Years with UCDs in Long-Term Treatment Studies 2 and 3E
In an extension of Study 4, after a median time on study of 4.5 months (range: 1 to 5.7 months), 2 of 16 pediatric patients ages 2 to 5 years had experienced three hyperammonemic crises.
Open-Label, Long-Term Study in Children Ages 1 to 17 Years of Age
An open-label, long-term study (Study 5) was conducted to assess ammonia control in pediatric patients with UCD. The study enrolled patients with UCD who had completed the safety extensions of Study 1, Study 3 or Study 4 (Study 2, 3E and 4E, respectively). A total of 45 pediatric patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years were in the study. The median length of study participation was 1.7 years (range 0.2 to 4.6 years). Venous ammonia levels were monitored at a minimum of every 6 months. Mean venous ammonia values in pediatric patients in Study 5 were within normal limits during long-term (24 months) treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (range: 15.4 to 25.1 micromol/L). Of the 45 pediatric patients participating in the open-label treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), 11 patients (24%) reported a total of 22 hyperammonemic crises. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized to a common normal range of 10 to 35 micromol/L.
Uncontrolled, open-label studies were conducted to assess monthly ammonia control and hyperammonemic crisis of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in pediatric patients with UCDs 2 months to less than 2 years of age (Study 4/4E, Study 5, and Study 6). Patients in Study 5 previously participated in Study 4/4E. A total of 17 pediatric patients with UCDs aged 2 months to less than 2 years participated in the studies.
Uncontrolled, Open-Label Study in Children Under 2 Years of Age (Study 6)
A total of 10 pediatric patients with UCDs aged 2 months to less than 2 years participated in Study 6, of which 7 patients converted from sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). The dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) was calculated to deliver the same amount of PBA as the sodium phenylbutyrate dosage the patients were taking when they entered the trial. Two patients were treatment naïve and received Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dosage of 7.5 mL/m2/day and 9.4 mL/m2/day, respectively. One additional patient was gradually discontinued from intravenous sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate while Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) was initiated. The dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) after transition was 8.5 mL/m2/day.
In Study 6, there were 9, 7 and 3 pediatric patients who completed 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively (mean and median exposure of 4 and 5 months, respectively).
Patients received a mean Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dose of 8 mL/m2/day (8.8 g/m2/day), with doses ranging from 4.8 to 11.5 mL/m2/day (5.3 to 12.6 g/m2/day). Patients were dosed three times a day (n=6), four times a day (n = 2), or five or more times a day (n=2).
The primary efficacy endpoint was successful transition to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) within a period of 4 days followed by 3 days of observation for a total of 7 days, where successful transition was defined as no signs and symptoms of hyperammonemia and a venous ammonia value less than 100 micromol/L. Venous ammonia levels were monitored for up to 4 days during transition and on day 7. Nine patients successfully transitioned as defined by the primary endpoint. One additional patient developed hyperammonemia on day 3 of dosing and experienced surgical complications (bowel perforation and peritonitis) following jejunal tube placement on day 4. This patient developed hyperammonemic crisis on day 6, and subsequently died of sepsis from peritonitis unrelated to drug. Although two patients had day 7 ammonia values of 150 micromol/L and 111 micromol/L respectively, neither had associated signs and symptoms of hyperammonemia.
During the extension phase, venous ammonia levels were monitored monthly. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized (transformed) to a common normal pediatric range of 28 to 57 micromol/L for comparability. The mean normalized venous ammonia values in pediatric patients at month 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 67, 53, 78, 99, 56 and 61 micromol/L during treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), respectively. Three patients reported a total of 7 hyperammonemic crises defined as having signs and symptoms consistent with hyperammonemia (such as frequent vomiting, nausea, headache, lethargy, irritability, combativeness, and/or somnolence) associated with high venous ammonia levels and requiring medical intervention. Hyperammonemic crises were precipitated by vomiting, upper respiratory tract infection, gastroenteritis, decreased caloric intake or had no identified precipitating event (3 events). There were three additional patients who had one venous ammonia level that exceeded 100 micromol/L which was not associated with a hyperammonemic crisis.
Uncontrolled, Open-Label Studies in Children Under 2 Years of Age (Studies 4/4E, 5)
A total of 7 patients with UCDs aged 2 months to less than 2 years participated in Studies 4/4E and 5. In these studies, there were 7, 6, 6, 6 and 3 pediatric patients who completed 1, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months, respectively (mean and median exposure of 15 and 17 months, respectively). Patients were converted from sodium phenylbutyrate to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). The dosage of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) was calculated to deliver the same amount of PBA as the sodium phenylbutyrate dosage the patients were taking when they entered the study.
Patients received a mean Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) dose of 7.5 mL/m2/day (8.2 g/m2/day), with doses ranging from 3.3 to 12.3 mL/m2/day (3.7 to 13.5 g/m2/day). Patients were dosed three times a day (n=3) or four times a day (n = 4).
Venous ammonia levels were monitored on days 1, 3 and 10 in Study 4 and at week 1 in Study 4E. Two patients had day 1 ammonia values of 122 micromol/L and 111 micromol/L respectively, neither had associated signs and symptoms of hyperammonemia. At day 10/week 1, six of the 7 patients had venous ammonia levels less than 100 micromol/L the remaining patient had a day 10 ammonia value of 168 micromol/L and was asymptomatic.
During the extension period, venous ammonia levels were monitored monthly. Ammonia values across different laboratories were normalized (transformed) to a common normal pediatric range of 28 to 57 micromol/L for comparability. The mean venous ammonia values in pediatric patients at month 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 were 58, 49, 34, 65, and 31 micromol/L during treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), respectively.
Three patients reported a total of 3 hyperammonemic crises, as defined in Study 6. Hyperammonemic crises were precipitated by gastroenteritis, vomiting, infection or no precipitating event (one patient). There were 4 patients who had one venous ammonia level that exceeded 100 micromol/L which was not associated with a hyperammonemic crisis.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) ® (glycerol phenylbutyrate) oral liquid 1.1 g/mL is supplied in multi-use, 25-mL glass bottles. The bottles are supplied in the following configurations:
Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F) with excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F).
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Neurotoxicity .
Pregnancy Registry
Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) during pregnancy .
Lactation
Advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) .
Administration
Distributed by:
Horizon Pharma USA, Inc.
Lake Forest, IL 60045
Horizon Therapeutics, LLC.
All rights reserved.
Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is a registered trademark of Horizon Therapeutics, LLC.
MEDICATION GUIDE Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) (rah-VIK- tee) (glycerol phenylbutyrate) oral liquid | ||
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This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. | Revised: 04/2017 | |
What is the most important information I should know about Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)? Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) may cause serious side effects, including: Nervous system problems (Neurotoxicity). Phenylacetate (PAA), a breakdown product of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), may cause nervous system side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help right away if you get any of these symptoms while taking Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol): | ||
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Your doctor may do blood tests to measure the amount of PAA in your blood during your treatment with Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). | ||
What is Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)?
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Who should not take Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)?
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Before taking Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol), tell your doctor about any medical conditions and if you:
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, dietary and herbal supplements. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. | ||
How should I take Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)?
For people who cannot swallow and who have a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube in place, Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) should be given as follows:
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What are the possible side effects of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)? Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) may cause serious side effects, including: | ||
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The most common side effects of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in adults include: | ||
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The most common side effects of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in children 2 years to 17 years of age include: | ||
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The most common side effects of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) in children 2 months to less than 2 years of age include: | ||
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Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. | ||
How should I store Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)?
Keep Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) and all medicines out of the reach of children. | ||
General information about the safe and effective use of Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol). Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) that is written for health professionals. | ||
What are the ingredients in Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol)? Active ingredient: Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) phenylbutyrate Distributed by: Horizon Pharma USA, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045. © Horizon Therapeutics, LLC. All rights reserved. Nutraisdin Zn (Glycerol) is a registered trademark of Horizon Therapeutics, LLC. For more information, go to www. RAVICTI.com or call 1-855-823-7878. |
Petrolatum:
Dimethicone 20%
Petrolatum 25%
Skin Protectant
- Do not use over deep or puncture wounds, infections, or lacerations. For external use only.
- When using this product do not get into eyes. If contact occurs, rinse eyes throughout with water.
- Stop use and ask a doctor if condition worsens or does not improve with 7 days.
- Change wet and soiled diapers promptly, cleanse the diaper area, and allow to dry.
- Shake bottle well before use.
- Spray 4-6 inches from skin. No rub-in is required.
- Apply liberally as often as necessary, with each diaper change, and especially at bedtime or anytime exposure to we diapers is prolonged.
Cyclomethicone, Hexamethyldisiloxane, Lanolin, Light Mineral Oil, Microcrystalline Wax, Vitamin A Palmitate, Vitamin D3, Water
Uses: Protects minor skin irritation due to diaper rash and helps seal out wetness.
- Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a local poison control center immediately.
Enter section text here
RRCL
Propylene Carbonate:
Talc:
Sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) Powder is indicated to decrease the recurrence of malignant pleural effusions in symptomatic patients following maximal drainage of the pleural effusion.
STERILE Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) POWDER is a sclerosing agent indicated to decrease the recurrence of malignant pleural effusions in symptomatic patients following maximal drainage of the pleural effusion. (1)
The recommended dose is 5 g, suspended in 50 ml to 100 ml 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
Prepare the Nutraisdin Zn suspension using aseptic technique in an appropriate laminar flow hood as follows:
Step 1. Using a 16 gauge needle attached to a 60-ml LuerLok syringe, draw up 50 ml of 0.9 % Sodium Chloride injection, USP. Vent the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) bottle using a needle. Slowly inject the 50 ml of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP into the bottle.
Step 2. Swirl the bottle to disperse the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) powder.
Step 3. Divide the contents of the bottle equally into two 60 ml LuerLok syringes, each attached with a 16 gauge needle, by withdrawing 25 ml of the suspension into each syringe with continuous swirling. Add 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP to a total volume of 50 ml in each syringe. Draw 10 ml of air into each syringe to the 60 ml mark to serve as a headspace for mixing prior to administration. Each syringe should contain 2.5 g of Sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) Powder in 50 ml of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP with an air headspace of 10 ml.
Step 4. Label the syringes with the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) concentration, the expiration date and time, the identity of the patient intended to receive the material, and the following statements:
“SHAKE SYRINGE WELL to resuspend before administration”
“FOR PLEURODESIS ONLY – not for intravenous administration”
Step 5. If not used immediately, store prepared suspension in refrigerator. Discard the prepared suspension if not used within 12 hours.
Prior to administration, continuously agitate the syringes to evenly redisperse the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) and avoid settlement. Immediately prior to administration, vent the 10 ml air headspace from each syringe. Administer the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) suspension through the chest tube according to standard procedures.
5 gram white or off-white to light gray sterile powder for suspension in a single-dose glass bottle.
5 g powder in a single-dose bottle, for suspension (3)
None
None. (4)
Acute Pneumonitis and ARDS, including fatal cases, occur with intrapleural Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) administration.
Sclerosis of the pleural space may preclude or complicate subsequent ipsilateral surgery and diagnostic procedures. Consider the possible effects of the use of Sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) Powder on future diagnostic and therapeutic procedures prior to administration.
Common adverse reactions observed with intrapleurally-administered Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) are fever and pain. Other adverse reactions include dyspnea, arrhythmia, empyema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Commonly observed adverse reactions are fever and pain. (6)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Bryan Corporation at 1-800-343-7711 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch
Pregnancy Category B.
Risk Summary
A reproduction study performed in rabbits at doses up to approximately 5 times the human dose revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Animal Data
Rabbits were administered Nutraisdin Zn by oral gavage daily during the period of organogenesis at doses of up to 900 mg/kg (approximately 5 times the human dose on a mg/m2 basis). No significant dose-related toxicity was reported except at maternally toxic doses. In multiple animal studies, intrapleurally administered Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) was not absorbed systemically.
Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.
STERILE Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) POWDER is a sclerosing agent for intrapleural administration. STERILE Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) POWDER is white or off-white to light gray, asbestos-free and brucite-free sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) powder of controlled particle size. The powder is ≥ 95% hydrated magnesium silicate [Mg3Si4O10 (OH)2, molecular weight 379.3]; associated minerals include chlorite (hydrated aluminum and magnesium silicate), dolomite (calcium and magnesium carbonate), calcite (calcium carbonate), and quartz. Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) is insoluble in water.
Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) instilled into the pleural cavity is thought to result in an inflammatory reaction. This reaction can promote adherence of the visceral and parietal pleura, which may prevent reaccumulation of pleural fluid.
Studies on the carcinogenicity of Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) have been performed using non-standard designs which prevent firm conclusions on its carcinogenicity. With single intraperitoneal administration to mice at 20 mg and observation for at least 6 months or 4 weekly doses administered intraperitoneally at 25 mg/dose to rats with observation for at least 84 weeks, tumor incidence was not increased. In these studies the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) and its asbestos content were not characterized.
Genotoxicity was tested in cultures of rat pleural mesothelial cells (RPMC) as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). None of the Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) samples (which were asbestos-free) induced enhancement of UDS or SCEs in treated cultures. No information is available on impairment of fertility in animals by Nutraisdin Zn (Talc).
STERILE Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) POWDER is supplied in a single use 100 ml brown glass bottle, sealed with a gray, 20 mm stopper and covered with a flip-off seal.
NDC 63256-200-05: 5 gram individual bottle packaged in a pouch.
NDC 63256-200-10: Carton of ten (10) 5-gram bottles.
Store the powder at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between15°C to 30°C (59°F - 86°F). Protect against sunlight.
Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if new or worsening pulmonary symptoms develop .
Distributed by:
Bryan Corporation. Woburn, MA 01801.
Principal Display Panel - Bottle Label
Sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) Powder
(Talc) Powder
Contains 5 grams of sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) per bottle
For Intrapleural Administration
Refer to the Prescribing Information for dosage and preparation.
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F - 86°F)
. Protect against sunlight.
Distributed By: Bryan Corporation Lot#
Woburn, MA 01801 Expired:
Rx Only
Principal Display Panel - Pouch Label
Sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) Powder NDC 63256-200-05
(Talc) Powder
Contains 5 grams of sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) per bottle 1 Bottle
For Intrapleural Administration
Refer to the Prescribing Information for dosage and preparation.
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F - 86°F)
. Protects against sunlight.
Distributed By: Bryan Corporation Lot#
Woburn, MA 01801 Expired:
Rx Only
Principal Display Panel - Box Label
Sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) Powder NDC 63256-200-10
(Talc) Powder
Contains 5 grams of sterile Nutraisdin Zn (Talc) per bottle 10 Bottles
For Intrapleural Administration
Refer to the Prescribing Information for dosage and preparation.
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C
(59°F - 86°F).
Distributed By: Bryan Corporation Lot#
Woburn, MA 01801 Expired:
Rx Only
Zinc Oxide:
Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for TPN. Administration helps to maintain Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores, and subsequent deficiency symptoms.
None known.
Direct intramuscular or intravenous injection of Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is contraindicated as the acidic pH of the solution (2) may cause considerable tissue irritation.
Severe kidney disease may make it necessary to reduce or omit chromium and Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) doses because these elements are primarily eliminated in the urine.
WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
Do not use unless the solution is clear and the seal is intact.
Zinc 1 mg/mL should only be used in conjunction with a pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in a laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in a single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.
Zinc should not be given undiluted by direct injection into a peripheral vein because of the likelihood of infusion phlebitis and the potential for increased excretory loss of Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) from a bolus injection. Administration of Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) in the absence of copper may cause a decrease in serum copper levels.
Periodic determinations of serum copper as well as Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) are suggested as a guideline for subsequent Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) administration.
Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Nutraisdin Zn 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) have not been performed, nor have studies been done to assess mutagenesis or impairment of fertility.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is administered to a nursing woman.
Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Nutraisdin Zn chloride. It is also not known whether Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) chloride can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) chloride should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
None known.
None known.
Single intravenous doses of 1 to 2 mg zinc/kg body weight have been given to adult leukemic patients without toxic manifestations. However, acute toxicity was reported in an adult when 10 mg Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) was infused over a period of one hour on each of four consecutive days. Profuse sweating, decreased level of consciousness, blurred vision, tachycardia (140/min), and marked hypothermia (94.2° F) on the fourth day were accompanied by a serum Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) concentration of 207 mcg/dl. Symptoms abated within three hours.
Hyperamylasemia may be a sign of impending Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) overdosage; patients receiving an inadvertent overdose (25 mg zinc/liter of TPN solution, equivalent to 50 to 70 mg zinc/day) developed hyperamylasemia (557 to 1850 Klein units; normal: 130 to 310).
Death resulted from an overdosage in which 1683 mg Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) was delivered intravenously over the course of 60 hours to a 72 year old patient.
Symptoms of Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) toxicity included hypotension (80/40 mm Hg), pulmonary edema, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, and oliguria, with a serum Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) level of 4184 mcg/dl.
Calcium supplements may confer a protective effect against Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) toxicity.
Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) contains 1 mg zinc/mL and is administered intravenously only after dilution. The additive should be diluted prior to administration in a volume of fluid not less than 100 mL. For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested intravenous dosage is 2.5 to 4 mg zinc/day (2.5 to 4 mL/day). An additional 2 mg zinc/day (2 mL/day) is suggested for acute catabolic states. For the stable adult with fluid loss from the small bowel, an additional 12.2 mg zinc/liter of small bowel fluid lost (12.2 mL/liter of small bowel fluid lost), or an additional 17.1 mg zinc/kg of stool or ileostomy output (17.1 mL/kg of stool or ileostomy output) is recommended. Frequent monitoring of Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) blood levels is suggested for patients receiving more than the usual maintenance dosage level of Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide).
For full term infants and children up to 5 years of age, 100 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.1 mL/kg/day) is recommended. For premature infants (birth weight less than 1500 g) up to 3 kg in body weight, 300 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.3 mL/kg/day) is suggested.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. See PRECAUTIONS.
Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is supplied in 10 mL Plastic Vials (List No. 4090).
Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).
Revised: October, 2004
© Hospira 2004 EN-0488 Printed in USA
HOSPIRA, INC., LAKE FOREST, IL 60045 USA
10 mL Vial
Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide)
1 mg/mL
Nutraisdin Zn (Zinc Oxide) Chloride Inj., USP
Rx only
FOR I.V. USE ONLY AFTER DILUTION.
HOSPIRA, INC., LAKE FOREST, IL 60045 USA
Depending on the reaction of the Nutraisdin Zn after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Nutraisdin Zn not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Nutraisdin Zn addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology