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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Nizodox proxetil is indicated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below.
Recommended dosages, durations of therapy, and applicable patient populations vary among these infections. Please see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for specific recommendations.
Acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding penicillin-resistant strains), Streptococcus pyogenes , Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), or Moraxella ( Branhamella ) catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains).
Pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
NOTE: Only penicillin by the intramuscular route of administration has been shown to be effective in the prophylaxis of rheumatic fever. Nizodox proxetil is generally effective in the eradication of streptococci from the oropharynx. However, data establishing the efficacy of Nizodox proxetil for the prophylaxis of subsequent rheumatic fever are not available.
Community-acquired pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae or H. Influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains).
Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by S. pneumoniae , H. influenzae (non-beta-lactamase-producing strains only), or M. catarrhalis. Data are insufficient at this time to establish efficacy in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae.
Acute, uncomplicated urethral and cervical gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (including penicillinase-producing strains).
Acute, uncomplicated ano -rectal infections in women due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae (including penicillinase-producing strains).
NOTE: The efficacy of Nizodox in treating male patients with rectal infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae has not been established. Data do not support the use of Nizodox proxetil in the treatment of pharyngeal infections due to N. gonorrhoeae in men or women.
Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including penicillinase-producing strains) or Streptococcus pyogenes. Abscesses should be surgically drained as clinically indicated.
NOTE: In clinical trials, successful treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections was dose-related. The effective therapeutic dose for skin infections was higher than those used in other recommended indications. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)
Acute maxillary sinusitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Moraxella catarrhalis.
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (cystitis) caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus mirabilis, or Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
NOTE: In considering the use of Nizodox proxetil in the treatment of cystitis, Nizodox proxetil’s lower bacterial eradication rates should be weighed against the increased eradication rates and different safety profiles of some other classes of approved agents. (See CLINICAL STUDIES section.)
Appropriate specimens for bacteriological examination should be obtained in order to isolate and identify causative organisms and to determine their susceptibility to Nizodox. Therapy may be instituted while awaiting the results of these studies. Once these results become available, antimicrobial therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP and other antibacterial drugs, Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Nizodox proxetil is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy to Nizodox or to the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
BEFORE THERAPY WITH Nizodox PROXETIL IS INSTITUTED, CAREFUL INQUIRY SHOULD BE MADE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE PATIENT HAS HAD PREVIOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO Nizodox, OTHER CEPHALOSPORINS, PENICILLINS, OR OTHER DRUGS. IF Nizodox IS TO BE ADMINISTERED TO PENICILLIN SENSITIVE PATIENTS, CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED BECAUSE CROSS HYPERSENSITIVITY AMONG BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS HAS BEEN CLEARLY DOCUMENTED AND MAY OCCUR IN UP TO 10% OF PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF PENICILLIN ALLERGY. IF AN ALLERGIC REACTION TO Nizodox PROXETIL OCCURS, DISCONTINUE THE DRUG. SERIOUS ACUTE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS MAY REQUIRE TREATMENT WITH EPINEPHRINE AND OTHER EMERGENCY MEASURES, INCLUDING OXYGEN, INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS, INTRAVENOUS ANTIHISTAMINE, AND AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, AS CLINICALLY INDICATED.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Nizodox proxetil tablets, USP, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
A concerted effort to monitor for C. difficile in cefpodoxime-treated patients with diarrhea was undertaken because of an increased incidence of diarrhea associated with C. difficile in early trials in normal subjects. C. difficile organisms or toxin was reported in 10% of the cefpodoxime-treated adult patients with diarrhea; however, no specific diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis was made in these patients.
In post-marketing experience outside the United States, reports of pseudomembranous colitis associated with the use of Nizodox proxetil have been received.
In patients with transient or persistent reduction in urinary output due to renal insufficiency, the total daily dose of Nizodox proxetil should be reduced because high and prolonged serum antibiotic concentrations can occur in such individuals following usual doses. Nizodox, like other cephalosporins, should be administered with caution to patients receiving concurrent treatment with potent diuretics.
As with other antibiotics, prolonged use of Nizodox proxetil may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. Repeated evaluation of the patient’s condition is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Prescribing Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
Concomitant administration of high doses of antacids or H2 blockers reduces peak plasma levels by 24% to 42% and the extent of absorption by 27% to 32%, respectively. The rate of absorption is not altered by these concomitant medications. Oral anti-cholinergics (e.g., propantheline) delay peak plasma levels (47% increase in Tmax), but do not affect the extent of absorption (AUC).
As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, renal excretion of Nizodox was inhibited by probenecid and resulted in an approximately 31% increase in AUC and 20% increase in peak Nizodox plasma levels.
Although nephrotoxicity has not been noted when Nizodox proxetil was given alone, close monitoring of renal function is advised when Nizodox proxetil is administered concomitantly with compounds of known nephrotoxic potential.
Cephalosporins, including Nizodox proxetil, are known to occasionally induce a positive direct Coombs’ test.
Long-term animal carcinogenesis studies of Nizodox proxetil have not been performed. Mutagenesis studies of Nizodox, including the Ames test both with and without metabolic activation, the chromosome aberration test, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, mitotic recombination and gene conversion, the forward gene mutation assay and the in vivo micronucleus test, were all negative. No untoward effects on fertility or reproduction were noted when 100 mg/kg/day or less was administered orally to rats.
Nizodox proxetil was neither teratogenic nor embryocidal when administered to rats during organogenesis at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day or to rabbits at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (1 to 2 times the human dose based on mg/m2).
There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies of Nizodox proxetil use in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nizodox proxetil has not been studied for use during labor and delivery. Treatment should only be given if clearly needed.
Nizodox is excreted in human milk. In a study of 3 lactating women, levels of Nizodox in human milk were 0%, 2% and 6% of concomitant serum levels at 4 hours following a 200 mg oral dose of Nizodox proxetil. At 6 hours post-dosing, levels were 0%, 9% and 16% of concomitant serum levels. Because of the potential for serious reactions in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Safety and efficacy in infants less than 2 months of age have not been established.
Of the 3338 patients in multiple-dose clinical studies of Nizodox proxetil film-coated tablets, 521 (16%) were 65 and over, while 214 (6%) were 75 and over. No overall differences in effectiveness or safety were observed between the elderly and younger patients. In healthy geriatric subjects with normal renal function, Nizodox half-life in plasma averaged 4.2 hours and urinary recovery averaged 21% after a 400 mg dose was given every 12 hours for 15 days. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged relative to those observed in healthy younger subjects.
Dose adjustment in elderly patients with normal renal function is not necessary.
In clinical trials using multiple doses of Nizodox proxetil filmcoated tablets, 4696 patients were treated with the recommended dosages of Nizodox (100 to 400 mg Q 12 hours). There were no deaths or permanent disabilities thought related to drug toxicity. One-hundred twenty-nine (2.7%) patients discontinued medication due to adverse events thought possibly or probably related to drug toxicity. Ninety-three (52%) of the 178 patients who discontinued therapy (whether thought related to drug therapy or not) did so because of gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The percentage of Nizodox proxetil-treated patients who discontinued study drug because of adverse events was significantly greater at a dose of 800 mg daily than at a dose of 400 mg daily or at a dose of 200 mg daily. Adverse events thought possibly or probably related to Nizodox in multiple-dose clinical trials (N=4696 cefpodoxime-treated patients) were:
Incidence Greater Than 1%
Diarrhea | 7% |
Diarrhea or loose stools were dose-related: decreasing from 10.4% of patients receiving 800 mg per day to 5.7% for those receiving 200 mg per day. Of patients with diarrhea, 10% had C. difficile organism or toxin in the stool. (See WARNINGS.)
Nausea | 3.3% |
Vaginal Fungal Infections | 1% |
Vulvovaginal Infections | 1.3% |
Abdominal Pain | 1.2% |
Headache | 1% |
Incidence Less Than 1%: By body system in decreasing order
Clinical Studies
Adverse events thought possibly or probably related to Nizodox proxetil that occurred in less than 1% of patients (N=4696)
Body – fungal infections, abdominal distention, malaise, fatigue, asthenia, fever, chest pain, back pain, chills, generalized pain, abnormal microbiological tests, moniliasis, abscess, allergic reaction, facial edema, bacterial infections, parasitic infections, localized edema, localized pain.
Cardiovascular – congestive heart failure, migraine, palpitations, vasodilation, hematoma, hypertension, hypotension.
Digestive – vomiting, dyspepsia, dry mouth, flatulence, decreased appetite, constipation, oral moniliasis, anorexia, eructation, gastritis, mouth ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, rectal disorders, tongue disorders, tooth disorders, increased thirst, oral lesions, tenesmus, dry throat, toothache.
Hemic and Lymphatic – anemia.
Metabolic and Nutritional – dehydration, gout, peripheral edema, weight increase.
Musculo -skeletal – myalgia.
Nervous – dizziness, insomnia, somnolence, anxiety, shakiness, nervousness, cerebral infarction, change in dreams, impaired concentration, confusion, nightmares, paresthesia, vertigo.
Respiratory – asthma, cough, epistaxis, rhinitis, wheezing, bronchitis, dyspnea, pleural effusion, pneumonia, sinusitis.
Skin – urticaria, rash, pruritus non-application site, diaphoresis, maculopapular rash, fungal dermatitis, desquamation, dry skin non-application site, hair loss, vesiculobullous rash, sunburn.
Special Senses – taste alterations, eye irritation, taste loss, tinnitus.
Urogenital – hematuria, urinary tract infections, metrorrhagia, dysuria, urinary frequency, nocturia, penile infection, proteinuria, vaginal pain.
In clinical trials using a single dose of Nizodox proxetil film-coated tablets, 509 patients were treated with the recommended dosage of Nizodox (200 mg). There were no deaths or permanent disabilities thought related to drug toxicity in these studies.
Adverse events thought possibly or probably related to Nizodox in single-dose clinical trials conducted in the United States were:
Incidence Greater Than 1%
Nausea | 1.4% |
Diarrhea | 1.2% |
Incidence Less Than 1%
Central Nervous System: Dizziness, headache, syncope.
Dermatologic: Rash.
Genital: Vaginitis.
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain.
Psychiatric: Anxiety.
Significant laboratory changes that have been reported in adult and pediatric patients in clinical trials of Nizodox proxetil, without regard to drug relationship, were:
Hepatic: Transient increases in AST, ALT (SGPT), GGT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and LDH.
Hematologic: Eosinophilia, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, granulocytosis, basophilia, monocytosis, thrombocytosis, decreased hemoglobin, decreased hematocrit, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocythemia, positive Coombs’ test, and prolonged PT, and PTT.
Serum Chemistry: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia.
Renal: Increases in BUN and creatinine.
Most of these abnormalities were transient and not clinically significant.
The following serious adverse experiences have been reported: allergic reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme and serum sickness-like reactions, pseudomembranous colitis, bloody diarrhea with abdominal pain, ulcerative colitis, rectorrhagia with hypotension, anaphylactic shock, acute liver injury, in utero exposure with miscarriage, purpuric nephritis, pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophilia, and eyelid dermatitis.
One death was attributed to pseudomembranous colitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above which have been observed in patients treated with Nizodox proxetil, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin class antibiotics:
Adverse Reactions and Abnormal Laboratory Tests: Renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, serum sickness-like reaction, hemorrhage, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia.
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and OVERDOSAGE.) If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
In acute rodent toxicity studies, a single 5 g/kg oral dose produced no adverse effects.
In the event of serious toxic reaction from overdosage, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may aid in the removal of Nizodox from the body, particularly if renal function is compromised.
The toxic symptoms following an overdose of beta-lactam antibiotics may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, and diarrhea.
Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP should be administered orally with food to enhance absorption. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY.)
The recommended dosages, durations of treatment, and applicable patient population are as described in the following chart:
Type of Infection | Total Daily Dose | Dose Frequency | Duration |
---|---|---|---|
Pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis | 200 mg | 100 mg Q 12 hours | 5 to 10 days |
Acute community-acquired pneumonia | 400 mg | 200 mg Q 12 hours | 14 days |
Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis | 400 mg | 200 mg Q 12 hours | 10 days |
Uncomplicated gonorrhea (men and women) and rectal gonococcal infections (women) | 200 mg | single dose | |
Skin and skin structure | 800 mg | 400 mg Q 12 hours | 7 to 14 days |
Acute maxillary sinusitis | 400 mg | 200 mg Q 12 hours | 10 days |
Uncomplicated urinary tract infection | 200 mg | 100 mg Q 12 hours | 7 days |
For patients with severe renal impairment, the dosing intervals should be increased to Q 24 hours. In patients maintained on hemodialysis, the dose frequency should be 3 times/week after hemodialysis.
When only the serum creatinine level is available, the following formula (based on sex, weight, and age of the patient) may be used to estimate creatinine clearance (mL/min). For this estimate to be valid, the serum creatinine level should represent a steady state of renal function.
Males: (mL/min) | Weight (kg) × (140 - age) 72 × serum creatinine (mg/100 mL) |
Females: (mL/min) | 0.85 × above value |
Nizodox pharmacokinetics in cirrhotic patients (with or without ascites) are similar to those in healthy subjects. Dose adjustment is not necessary in this population.
Nizodox Proxetil Tablets, USP are available in the following strengths (cefpodoxime equivalent), colors, and sizes:
100 mg, (light orange, film-coated, elliptical, embossed with SZ 438)
Bottles of 20 NDC 0781-5438-20
Bottles of 100 NDC 0781-5438-01
200 mg, (light orange, film-coated, oblong, embossed with SZ 439)
Bottles of 20 NDC 0781-5439-20
Bottles of 100 NDC 0781-5439-01
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
Replace cap securely after each opening.
In two double-blind, 2:1 randomized, comparative trials performed in adults in the United States, Nizodox proxetil was compared to other beta-lactam antibiotics. In these studies, the following bacterial eradication rates were obtained at 5 to 9 days after therapy:
Pathogen | Nizodox | Comparator |
---|---|---|
E. coli | 200/243 | 99/123 (80%) |
Other pathogens | 34/42 (81%) | 23/28 (82%) |
K. pneumoniae | ||
P. mirabilis | ||
S. saprophyticus | ||
TOTAL | 234/285 (82%) | 122/151 (81%) |
In these studies, clinical cure rates and bacterial eradication rates for Nizodox proxetil were comparable to the comparator agents; however, the clinical cure rates and bacteriologic eradication rates were lower than those observed with some other classes of approved agents for cystitis.
In controlled studies of acute otitis media performed in the United States, where significant rates of beta-lactamase-producing organisms were found, Nizodox proxetil was compared to cefixime. In these studies, using very strict evaluability criteria and microbiologic and clinical response criteria at the 4 to 21 day post-therapy follow-up, the following presumptive bacterial eradication/clinical success outcomes (cured and improved) were obtained.
Pathogen | Nizodox Proxetil 5 mg/kg Q 12 h x 5 d | Cefixime |
---|---|---|
S. pneumoniae | 88/122 (72%) | 72/124 (58%) |
H. influenzae | 50/76 (66%) | 61/81 (75%) |
M. catarrhalis | 22/39 (56%) | 23/41 (56%) |
S. pyogenes | 20/25 (80%) | 13/23 (57%) |
Clinical success rate | 171/254 (67%) | 165/258 (64%) |
07-2014M
46143253
Manufactured in Austria by Sandoz GmbH
for Sandoz Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540
NDC 0781-5438-01
Nizodox
Proxetil
Tablets, USP
100 mg*
Rx only
100 Tablets
SANDOZ
NDC 0781-5439-01
Nizodox
Proxetil
Tablets, USP
200 mg*
Rx only
100 Tablets
SANDOZ
Depending on the reaction of the Nizodox after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Nizodox not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Nizodox addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology