Nebistar

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Nebistar uses


1. INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Nebistar is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.

1.1 Hypertension

Nebistar is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure . Nebistar may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents .

Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes, including the class to which this drug principally belongs. There are no controlled trials demonstrating risk reduction with Nebistar.

Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).

Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.

Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.

Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.

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2. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Can be taken with and without food. Individualize to the needs of the patient and monitor during up-titration.

2.1 Hypertension

The dose of Nebistar must be individualized to the needs of the patient. For most patients, the recommended starting dose is 5 mg once daily, with or without food, as monotherapy or in combination with other agents. For patients requiring further reduction in blood pressure, the dose can be increased at 2-week intervals up to 40 mg. A more frequent dosing regimen is unlikely to be beneficial.

Renal Impairment

In patients with severe renal impairment (ClCr less than 30 mL/min) the recommended initial dose is 2.5 mg once daily; titrate up slowly if needed. Nebistar has not been studied in patients receiving dialysis .

Hepatic Impairment

In patients with moderate hepatic impairment, the recommended initial dose is 2.5 mg once daily; titrate up slowly if needed. Nebistar has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment and therefore it is not recommended in that population .

2.2 Subpopulations

Geriatric Patients

It is not necessary to adjust the dose in the elderly .

CYP2D6 Polymorphism

No dose adjustments are necessary for patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. The clinical effect and safety profile observed in poor metabolizers were similar to those of extensive metabolizers .

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3. DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Nebistar is available as tablets for oral administration containing Nebistar hydrochloride equivalent to 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg of Nebistar.

Nebistar tablets are triangular-shaped, biconvex, unscored, differentiated by color and are engraved with “FL” on one side and the number of mg (2 ½, 5, 10, or 20) on the other side.

Tablets: 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg (3)

4. CONTRAINDICATIONS

Nebistar is contraindicated in the following conditions:

5. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

5.1 Abrupt Cessation of Therapy

Do not abruptly discontinue Nebistar therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Severe exacerbation of angina, myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients with coronary artery disease following the abrupt discontinuation of therapy with β-blockers. Myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmias may occur with or without preceding exacerbation of the angina pectoris. Caution patients without overt coronary artery disease against interruption or abrupt discontinuation of therapy. As with other β-blockers, when discontinuation of Nebistar is planned, carefully observe and advise patients to minimize physical activity. Taper Nebistar over 1 to 2 weeks when possible. If the angina worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, re-start Nebistar promptly, at least temporarily.

5.2 Angina and Acute Myocardial Infarction

Nebistar was not studied in patients with angina pectoris or who had a recent MI.

5.3 Bronchospastic Diseases

In general, patients with bronchospastic diseases should not receive β-blockers.

5.4 Anesthesia and Major Surgery

Because beta-blocker withdrawal has been associated with an increased risk of MI and chest pain, patients already on beta-blockers should generally continue treatment throughout the perioperative period. If Nebistar is to be continued perioperatively, monitor patients closely when anesthetic agents which depress myocardial function, such as ether, cyclopropane, and trichloroethylene, are used. If β-blocking therapy is withdrawn prior to major surgery, the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli may augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures.

The β-blocking effects of Nebistar can be reversed by β-agonists, e.g., dobutamine or isoproterenol. However, such patients may be subject to protracted severe hypotension. Additionally, difficulty in restarting and maintaining the heartbeat has been reported with β-blockers.

5.5 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

β-blockers may mask some of the manifestations of hypoglycemia, particularly tachycardia. Nonselective β-blockers may potentiate insulin-induced hypoglycemia and delay recovery of serum glucose levels. It is not known whether Nebistar has these effects. Advise patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia and diabetic patients receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents about these possibilities.

5.6 Thyrotoxicosis

β-blockers may mask clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, such as tachycardia. Abrupt withdrawal of β-blockers may be followed by an exacerbation of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism or may precipitate a thyroid storm.

5.7 Peripheral Vascular Disease

β-blockers can precipitate or aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency in patients with peripheral vascular disease.

5.8 Non-dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers

Because of significant negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in patients treated with β-blockers and calcium channel blockers of the verapamil and diltiazem type, monitor the ECG and blood pressure in patients treated concomitantly with these agents.

5.9 Use with CYP2D6 Inhibitors

Nebistar exposure increases with inhibition of CYP2D6 . The dose of Nebistar may need to be reduced.

5.10 Impaired Renal Function

Renal clearance of Nebistar is decreased in patients with severe renal impairment. Nebistar has not been studied in patients receiving dialysis .

5.11 Impaired Hepatic Function

Metabolism of Nebistar is decreased in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Nebistar has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment .

5.12 Risk of Anaphylactic Reactions

While taking β-blockers, patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reactions to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic challenge. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat allergic reactions.

5.13 Pheochromocytoma

In patients with known or suspected pheochromocytoma, initiate an α-blocker prior to the use of any β-blocker.

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6. ADVERSE REACTIONS

Most common adverse reactions :


To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, Contact Allergan at 1-800-433-8871 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Clinical Studies Experience

Nebistar has been evaluated for safety in patients with hypertension and in patients with heart failure. The observed adverse reaction profile was consistent with the pharmacology of the drug and the health status of the patients in the clinical trials. Adverse reactions reported for each of these patient populations are provided below. Excluded are adverse reactions considered too general to be informative and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug because they were associated with the condition being treated or are very common in the treated population.

The data described below reflect worldwide clinical trial exposure to Nebistar in 6545 patients, including 5038 patients treated for hypertension and the remaining 1507 subjects treated for other cardiovascular diseases. Doses ranged from 0.5 mg to 40 mg. Patients received Nebistar for up to 24 months, with over 1900 patients treated for at least 6 months, and approximately 1300 patients for more than one year.

HYPERTENSION: In placebo-controlled clinical trials comparing Nebistar with placebo, discontinuation of therapy due to adverse reactions was reported in 2.8% of patients treated with Nebistar and 2.2% of patients given placebo. The most common adverse reactions that led to discontinuation of Nebistar were headache (0.4%), nausea (0.2%) and bradycardia (0.2%).

Table 1 lists treatment-emergent adverse reactions that were reported in three 12-week, placebo-controlled monotherapy trials involving 1597 hypertensive patients treated with either 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20-40 mg of Nebistar and 205 patients given placebo and for which the rate of occurrence was at least 1% of patients treated with Nebistar and greater than the rate for those treated with placebo in at least one dose group.

System Organ Class –

Preferred Term

Placebo

(n = 205)

(%)

Nebistar

5 mg

(n = 459)

(%)

Nebistar

10 mg

(n = 461)

(%)

Nebistar

20-40 mg

(n = 677)

(%)

Cardiac Disorders
Bradycardia 0 0 0 1
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Diarrhea 2 2 2 3
Nausea 0 1 3 2
General Disorders
Fatigue 1 2 2 5
Chest pain 0 0 1 1
Peripheral edema 0 1 1 1
Nervous System Disorders
Headache 6 9 6 7
Dizziness 2 2 3 4
Psychiatric Disorders
Insomnia 0 1 1 1
Respiratory Disorders
Dyspnea 0 0 1 1
Skin and subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Rash 0 0 1 1

Listed below are other reported adverse reactions with an incidence of at least 1% in the more than 4300 patients treated with Nebistar in controlled or open-label trials except for those already appearing in Table 1 , terms too general to be informative, minor symptoms, or adverse reactions unlikely to be attributable to drug because they are common in the population. These adverse reactions were in most cases observed at a similar frequency in placebo-treated patients in the controlled studies.

Body as a Whole: asthenia.

Gastrointestinal System Disorders: abdominal pain

Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: hypercholesterolemia

Nervous System Disorders: paraesthesia

6.2 Laboratory Abnormalities

In controlled monotherapy trials of hypertensive patients, Nebistar was associated with an increase in BUN, uric acid, triglycerides and a decrease in HDL cholesterol and platelet count.

6.3 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified from spontaneous reports of Nebistar received worldwide and have not been listed elsewhere. These adverse reactions have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of seriousness, frequency of reporting or potential causal connection to Nebistar. Adverse reactions common in the population have generally been omitted. Because these adverse reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to Nebistar exposure: abnormal hepatic function (including increased AST, ALT and bilirubin), acute pulmonary edema, acute renal failure, atrioventricular block (both second and third degree), bronchospasm, erectile dysfunction, hypersensitivity (including urticaria, allergic vasculitis and rare reports of angioedema), myocardial infarction, pruritus, psoriasis, Raynaud's phenomenon, peripheral ischemia/claudication, somnolence, syncope, thrombocytopenia, various rashes and skin disorders, vertigo, and vomiting.

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7. Drug Interactions

7.1 CYP2D6 Inhibitors

Use caution when Nebistar is co-administered with CYP2D6 inhibitors (quinidine, propafenone, fluoxetine, paroxetine, etc.) .

7.2 Hypotensive Agents

Do not use Nebistar with other β-blockers. Closely monitor patients receiving catecholamine-depleting drugs, such as reserpine or guanethidine, because the added β-blocking action of Nebistar may produce excessive reduction of sympathetic activity. In patients who are receiving Nebistar and clonidine, discontinue Nebistar for several days before the gradual tapering of clonidine.

7.3 Digitalis Glycosides

Both digitalis glycosides and β-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia.

7.4 Calcium Channel Blockers

Nebistar can exacerbate the effects of myocardial depressants or inhibitors of AV conduction, such as certain calcium antagonists (particularly of the phenylalkylamine [verapamil] and benzothiazepine [diltiazem] classes), or antiarrhythmic agents, such as disopyramide.

8. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects: Category C.

Decreased pup body weights occurred at 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg in rats, when exposed during the perinatal period. At 5 mg/kg and higher doses (1.2 times the MRHD), prolonged gestation, dystocia and reduced maternal care were produced with corresponding increases in late fetal deaths and stillbirths and decreased birth weight, live litter size and pup survival. Insufficient numbers of pups survived at 5 mg/kg to evaluate the offspring for reproductive performance.

In studies in which pregnant rats were given Nebistar during organogenesis, reduced fetal body weights were observed at maternally toxic doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg/day (5 and 10 times the MRHD), and small reversible delays in sternal and thoracic ossification associated with the reduced fetal body weights and a small increase in resorption occurred at 40 mg/kg/day (10 times the MRHD). No adverse effects on embryo-fetal viability, sex, weight or morphology were observed in studies in which Nebistar was given to pregnant rabbits at doses as high as 20 mg/kg/day (10 times the MRHD).

8.2 Labor and Delivery

Nebistar caused prolonged gestation and dystocia at doses ≥ 5 mg/kg in rats (1.2 times the MRHD). These effects were associated with increased fetal deaths and stillborn pups, and decreased birth weight, live litter size and pup survival rate, events that occurred only when Nebistar was given during the perinatal period (late gestation, parturition and lactation).

No studies of Nebistar were conducted in pregnant women. Use Nebistar during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Studies in rats have shown that Nebistar or its metabolites cross the placental barrier and are excreted in breast milk. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk.

Because of the potential for β-blockers to produce serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, especially bradycardia, Nebistar is not recommended during nursing.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Pediatric studies in ages newborn to 18 years old have not been conducted because of incomplete characterization of developmental toxicity and possible adverse effects on long-term fertility .

8.5 Geriatric Use

Of the 2800 patients in the U.S. sponsored placebo-controlled clinical hypertension studies, 478 patients were 65 years of age or older. No overall differences in efficacy or in the incidence of adverse events were observed between older and younger patients.

8.6 Heart Failure

In a placebo-controlled trial of 2128 patients (1067 Nebistar, 1061 placebo) over 70 years of age with chronic heart failure receiving a maximum dose of 10 mg per day for a median of 20 months, no worsening of heart failure was reported with Nebistar compared to placebo. However, if heart failure worsens consider discontinuation of Nebistar.

10. OVERDOSAGE

In clinical trials and worldwide postmarketing experience there were reports of Nebistar overdose. The most common signs and symptoms associated with Nebistar overdosage are bradycardia and hypotension. Other important adverse reactions reported with Nebistar overdose include cardiac failure, dizziness, hypoglycemia, fatigue and vomiting. Other adverse reactions associated with β-blocker overdose include bronchospasm and heart block.

The largest known ingestion of Nebistar worldwide involved a patient who ingested up to 500 mg of Nebistar along with several 100 mg tablets of acetylsalicylic acid in a suicide attempt. The patient experienced hyperhydrosis, pallor, depressed level of consciousness, hypokinesia, hypotension, sinus bradycardia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, respiratory failure and vomiting. The patient recovered.

Because of extensive drug binding to plasma proteins, hemodialysis is not expected to enhance Nebistar clearance.

If overdose occurs, provide general supportive and specific symptomatic treatment. Based on expected pharmacologic actions and recommendations for other β-blockers, consider the following general measures, including stopping Nebistar, when clinically warranted:

Bradycardia: Administer IV atropine. If the response is inadequate, isoproterenol or another agent with positive chronotropic properties may be given cautiously. Under some circumstances, transthoracic or transvenous pacemaker placement may be necessary.

Hypotension: Administer IV fluids and vasopressors. Intravenous glucagon may be useful.

Heart Block (second or third degree): Monitor and treat with isoproterenol infusion. Under some circumstances, transthoracic or transvenous pacemaker placement may be necessary.

Congestive Heart Failure: Initiate therapy with digitalis glycoside and diuretics. In certain cases, consider the use of inotropic and vasodilating agents.

Bronchospasm: Administer bronchodilator therapy such as a short acting inhaled β2-agonist and/or aminophylline.

Hypoglycemia: Administer IV glucose. Repeated doses of IV glucose or possibly glucagon may be required.

Supportive measures should continue until clinical stability is achieved. The half-life of low doses of Nebistar is 12-19 hours.

Call the National Poison Control Center (800-222-1222) for the most current information on β-blocker overdose treatment.

11. DESCRIPTION

The chemical name for the active ingredient in Nebistar (nebivolol) tablets is (1RS,1'RS)-1,1'-[(2RS,2'SR)-bis(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)]- 2,2'-iminodiethanol hydrochloride. Nebistar is a racemate composed of d-Nebivolol and l-Nebivolol with the stereochemical designations of [SRRR]-nebivolol and [RSSS]-nebivolol, respectively. Nebivolol's molecular formula is (C22H25F2NO4-HCl) with the following structural formula:

Nebistar hydrochloride is a white to almost white powder that is soluble in methanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and N,N-dimethylformamide, sparingly soluble in ethanol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol, and very slightly soluble in hexane, dichloromethane, and methylbenzene.

Nebistar as tablets for oral administration contains Nebistar hydrochloride equivalent to 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg of Nebistar base. In addition, Nebistar contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, D&C Red #27 Lake, FD&C Blue #2 Lake, FD&C Yellow #6 Lake, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, polysorbate 80, and sodium lauryl sulfate.

Structural Formula

12. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Nebistar is a β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. In extensive metabolizers and at doses less than or equal to 10 mg, Nebistar is preferentially β1 selective. In poor metabolizers and at higher doses, Nebistar inhibits both β1 - and β2 - adrenergic receptors. Nebistar lacks intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane stabilizing activity at therapeutically relevant concentrations. At clinically relevant doses, Nebistar does not demonstrate α1-adrenergic receptor blockade activity. Various metabolites, including glucuronides, contribute to β-blocking activity.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of action of the antihypertensive response of Nebistar has not been definitively established. Possible factors that may be involved include: (1) decreased heart rate, (2) decreased myocardial contractility, (3) diminution of tonic sympathetic outflow to the periphery from cerebral vasomotor centers, (4) suppression of renin activity and (5) vasodilation and decreased peripheral vascular resistance.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Nebistar is metabolized by a number of routes, including glucuronidation and hydroxylation by CYP2D6. The active isomer has an effective half-life of about 12 hours in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (most people), and 19 hours in poor metabolizers and exposure to d-nebivolol is substantially increased in poor metabolizers. This has less importance than usual, however, because the metabolites, including the hydroxyl metabolite and glucuronides (the predominant circulating metabolites), contribute to β-blocking activity.

Plasma levels of d–nebivolol increase in proportion to dose in EMs and PMs for doses up to 20mg. Exposure to l-nebivolol is higher than to d-nebivolol but l-nebivolol contributes little to the drug's activity as d-nebivolol's beta receptor affinity is > 1000-fold higher than l-nebivolol. For the same dose, PMs attain a 5-fold higher Cmax and 10-fold higher AUC of d-nebivolol than do EMs. d-Nebivolol accumulates about 1.5-fold with repeated once-daily dosing in EMs.

Absorption

Absorption of Nebistar is similar to an oral solution. The absolute bioavailability has not been determined.

Mean peak plasma Nebistar concentrations occur approximately 1.5 to 4 hours post-dosing in EMs and PMs.

Food does not alter the pharmacokinetics of Nebistar. Under fed conditions, Nebistar glucuronides are slightly reduced. Nebistar may be administered without regard to meals.

Distribution

The in vitro human plasma protein binding of Nebistar is approximately 98%, mostly to albumin, and is independent of Nebistar concentrations.

Metabolism

Nebistar is predominantly metabolized via direct glucuronidation of parent and to a lesser extent via N-dealkylation and oxidation via cytochrome P450 2D6. Its stereospecific metabolites contribute to the pharmacologic activity .

Elimination

After a single oral administration of 14C-nebivolol, 38% of the dose was recovered in urine and 44% in feces for EMs and 67% in urine and 13% in feces for PMs. Essentially all Nebistar was excreted as multiple oxidative metabolites or their corresponding glucuronide conjugates.

12.4 Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations

Hepatic Disease

d-Nebivolol peak plasma concentration increased 3-fold, exposure (AUC) increased 10-fold, and the apparent clearance decreased by 86% in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B). No formal studies have been performed in patients with severe hepatic impairment and Nebistar should be contraindicated for these patients .

Renal Disease

The apparent clearance of Nebistar was unchanged following a single 5 mg dose of Nebistar in patients with mild renal impairment (ClCr 50 to 80 mL/min, n=7), and it was reduced negligibly in patients with moderate (ClCr 30 to 50 mL/min, n=9), but clearance was reduced by 53% in patients with severe renal impairment (ClCr <30 mL/min, n=5). No studies have been conducted in patients on dialysis .

12.5 Drug-Drug Interactions

Drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 can be expected to increase plasma levels of Nebistar. When Nebistar is co-administered with an inhibitor or an inducer of this enzyme, monitor patients closely and adjust the Nebistar dose according to blood pressure response. In vitro studies have demonstrated that at therapeutically relevant concentrations, d- and l-nebivolol do not inhibit any cytochrome P450 pathways.

Digoxin: Concomitant administration of Nebistar (10 mg once daily) and digoxin (0.25 mg once daily) for 10 days in 14 healthy adult individuals resulted in no significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin or Nebistar .

Warfarin: Administration of Nebistar (10 mg once daily for 10 days) led to no significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of Nebistar or R- or S-warfarin following a single 10 mg dose of warfarin. Similarly, Nebistar has no significant effects on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin, as assessed by Prothrombin time and INR profiles from 0 to 144 hours after a single 10 mg warfarin dose in 12 healthy adult volunteers.

Diuretics: No pharmacokinetic interactions were observed in healthy adults between Nebistar (10 mg daily for 10 days) and furosemide (40 mg single dose), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg once daily for 10 days), or spironolactone (25 mg once daily for 10 days).

Ramipril: Concomitant administration of Nebistar (10 mg once daily) and ramipril (5 mg once daily) for 10 days in 15 healthy adult volunteers produced no pharmacokinetic interactions.

Losartan: Concomitant administration of Nebistar (10 mg single dose) and losartan (50 mg single dose) in 20 healthy adult volunteers did not result in pharmacokinetic interactions.

Fluoxetine: Fluoxetine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, administered at 20 mg per day for 21 days prior to a single 10 mg dose of Nebistar to 10 healthy adults, led to an 8-fold increase in the AUC and 3-fold increase in Cmax for d-nebivolol .

Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists: The pharmacokinetics of Nebistar (5 mg single dose) were not affected by the co-administration of ranitidine (150 mg twice daily). Cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) causes a 23% increase in the plasma levels of d-nebivolol.

Charcoal: The pharmacokinetics of Nebistar (10 mg single dose) were not affected by repeated co-administration (4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 28, 36, and 48 hours after Nebistar administration) of activated charcoal (Actidose-Aqua®).

Sildenafil: The co-administration of Nebistar and sildenafil decreased AUC and Cmax of sildenafil by 21 and 23% respectively. The effect on the Cmax and AUC for d-nebivolol was also small (< 20%). The effect on vital signs (e.g., pulse and blood pressure) was approximately the sum of the effects of sildenafil and Nebistar.

Other Concomitant Medications: Utilizing population pharmacokinetic analyses, derived from hypertensive patients, the following drugs were observed not to have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of Nebistar: acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, atorvastatin, esomeprazole, ibuprofen, levothyroxine sodium, metformin, sildenafil, simvastatin, or tocopherol.

Protein Binding: No meaningful changes in the extent of in vitro binding of Nebistar to human plasma proteins were noted in the presence of high concentrations of diazepam, digoxin, diphenylhydantoin, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, imipramine, indomethacin, propranolol, sulfamethazine, tolbutamide, or warfarin. Additionally, Nebistar did not significantly alter the protein binding of the following drugs: diazepam, digoxin, diphenylhydantoin, hydrochlorothiazide, imipramine, or warfarin at their therapeutic concentrations.

13. NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

In a two-year study of Nebistar in mice, a statistically significant increase in the incidence of testicular Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenomas was observed at 40 mg/kg/day (5 times the maximally recommended human dose of 40 mg on a mg/m2 basis). Similar findings were not reported in mice administered doses equal to approximately 0.3 or 1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose. No evidence of a tumorigenic effect was observed in a 24-month study in Wistar rats receiving doses of Nebistar 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 0.6, 2.4, and 10 times the maximally recommended human dose). Co-administration of dihydrotestosterone reduced blood LH levels and prevented the Leydig cell hyperplasia, consistent with an indirect LH-mediated effect of Nebistar in mice and not thought to be clinically relevant in man.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group study in healthy male volunteers was conducted to determine the effects of Nebistar on adrenal function, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels. This study demonstrated that 6 weeks of daily dosing with 10 mg of Nebistar had no significant effect on ACTH-stimulated mean serum cortisol AUC0-120 min, serum LH, or serum total testosterone.

Effects on spermatogenesis were seen in male rats and mice at ≥ 40 mg/kg/day (10 and 5 times the MRHD, respectively). For rats the effects on spermatogenesis were not reversed and may have worsened during a four week recovery period. The effects of Nebistar on sperm in mice, however, were partially reversible.

Mutagenesis: Nebistar was not genotoxic when tested in a battery of assays (Ames, in vitro mouse lymphoma TK+/-, in vitro human peripheral lymphocyte chromosome aberration, in vivo Drosophila melanogaster sex-linked recessive lethal, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus tests).

14. CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Hypertension

The antihypertensive effectiveness of Nebistar as monotherapy has been demonstrated in three randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled trials at doses ranging from 1.25 to 40 mg for 12 weeks (Studies 1, 2, and 3). A fourth placebo-controlled trial demonstrated additional antihypertensive effects of Nebistar at doses ranging from 5 to 20 mg when administered concomitantly with up to two other antihypertensive agents (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and thiazide diuretics) in patients with inadequate blood pressure control.

The three monotherapy trials included a total of 2016 patients (1811 Nebistar, 205 placebo) with mild to moderate hypertension who had baseline diastolic blood pressures (DBP) of 95 to 109 mmHg. Patients received either Nebistar or placebo once daily for twelve weeks. Two of these monotherapy trials (Studies 1 and 2) studied 1716 patients in the general hypertensive population with a mean age of 54 years, 55% males, 26% non-Caucasians, 7% diabetics and 6% genotyped as PMs. The third monotherapy trial (Study 3) studied 300 Black patients with a mean age of 51 years, 45% males, 14% diabetics, and 3% as PMs.

Placebo-subtracted blood pressure reductions by dose for each study are presented in Table 2 . Most studies showed increasing response to doses above 5 mg.

* p<0.05 based on pair-wise comparison vs. placebo

Study enrolled only African Americans.

^ Study on top of one or two other antihypertensive medications.

Nebistar dose (mg)
1.25 2.5 5.0 10 20 30-40
Study 1 -6.6*/-5.1* -8.5*/-5.6* -8.1*/-5.5* -9.2*/-6.3* -8.7*/-6.9* -11.7*/-8.3*
Study 2 -3.8/-3.2* -3.1/-3.9* -6.3*/-4.5*
Study 3 -1.5/-2.9 -2.6/-4.9* -6.0*/-6.1* -7.2*/-6.1* -6.8*/-5.5*
Study 4^ -5.7*/-3.3* -3.7*/-3.5* -6.2*/-4.6*

Study 4 enrolled 669 patients with a mean age of 54 years, 55% males, 54% Caucasians, 29% Blacks, 15% Hispanics, 1% Asians, 14% diabetics, and 5% PMs. Nebistar, 5 mg to 20 mg, administered once daily concomitantly with stable doses of up to two other antihypertensive agents (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and thiazide diuretics) resulted in significant additional antihypertensive effects over placebo compared to baseline blood pressure.

Effectiveness was similar in subgroups analyzed by age and sex. Effectiveness was established in Blacks, but as monotherapy the magnitude of effect was somewhat less than in Caucasians.

The blood pressure lowering effect of Nebistar was seen within two weeks of treatment and was maintained over the 24-hour dosing interval.

There are no trials of Nebistar demonstrating reductions in cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension, but at least one pharmacologically similar drug has demonstrated such benefits.

16. HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Nebistar is available as tablets for oral administration containing Nebistar hydrochloride equivalent to 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg of Nebistar.

Nebistar tablets are triangular-shaped, biconvex, unscored, differentiated by color and are engraved with “FL” on one side and the number of mg (2 ½, 5, 10, or 20) on the other side. Nebistar tablets are supplied in the following strengths and package configurations:

Nebistar
Tablet

Strength

Package

Configuration

NDC # Tablet Color
2.5 mg Bottle of 30 0456-1402-30 Light Blue
Bottle of 90 0456-1402-90
Bottle of 100 0456-1402-01
10 x 10 Unit Dose 0456-1402-63
5 mg Bottle of 30 0456-1405-30 Beige
Bottle of 90 0456-1405-90
Bottle of 100 0456-1405-01
10 x 10 Unit Dose 0456-1405-63
10 mg Bottle of 30 0456-1410-30 Pinkish-Purple
Bottle of 90 0456-1410-90
Bottle of 100 0456-1410-01
10 x 10 Unit Dose 0456-1410-63
20 mg Bottle of 30 0456-1420-30 Light Blue
Bottle of 90 0456-1420-90
Bottle of 100 0456-1420-01
10 x 10 Unit Dose 0456-1420-63

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) .

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

See FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).


Advise patients to take Nebistar regularly and continuously, as directed. Nebistar can be taken with or without food. If a dose is missed, take the next scheduled dose only (without doubling it). Do not interrupt or discontinue Nebistar without consulting the physician.

Patients should know how they react to this medicine before they operate automobiles, use machinery, or engage in other tasks requiring alertness.

Advise patients to consult a physician if any difficulty in breathing occurs, or if they develop signs or symptoms of worsening congestive heart failure such as weight gain or increasing shortness of breath, or excessive bradycardia.

Caution patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia, or diabetic patients receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, that β-blockers may mask some of the manifestations of hypoglycemia, particularly tachycardia.

Distributed by:

Allergan USA, Inc.

Irvine, CA 92612

Licensed from Mylan Laboratories, Inc.

Under license from Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium

Bystolic® is a registered trademark of Forest Laboratories, LLC, an Allergan affiliate.

Actidose®-Aqua is a registered trademark of Paddock Laboratories, LLC

© 2016 Allergan. All rights reserved.

PATIENT INFORMATION

Nebistar® (bi-STOL-ik)

(nebivolol) Tablets

Read the Patient Information that comes with Nebistar before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. If you have any questions about Nebistar, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

WHAT IS Nebistar?

Nebistar is a kind of prescription medicine called a “beta-blocker”. Nebistar treats:


Nebistar can lower blood pressure when used by itself and with other medicines.

Nebistar is not approved for children less than 18 years of age.

WHO SHOULD NOT TAKE Nebistar?

Do not take Nebistar if you:


WHAT SHOULD I TELL MY DOCTOR BEFORE TAKING Nebistar?

Tell your doctor about all of your medical problems, including if you:


Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take. Include prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Nebistar and certain other medicines can affect each other and cause serious side effects.

Keep a list of all the medicines you take. Show this list to your doctor and pharmacist before you start a new medicine.

HOW SHOULD I TAKE Nebistar?


WHAT ARE POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF Nebistar?


Tell your doctor if you have any side effects that bother you or don't go away.

HOW SHOULD I STORE Nebistar?


GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT Nebistar

Doctors sometimes prescribe medicines for conditions not included in the patient information leaflets.


This leaflet summarizes the most important information about Nebistar. For more information:


WHAT IS IN Nebistar?

Active Ingredient: Nebistar

Inactive Ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, D&C Red #27 Lake, FD&C Blue #2 Lake, FD&C Yellow #6 Lake, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, polysorbate 80, and sodium lauryl sulfate

WHAT IS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION)?

Blood pressure is the force in your blood vessels when your heart beats and when your heart rests. You have high blood pressure when the force is too great.

High blood pressure makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the body and causes damage to the blood vessels. Nebistar tablets can help your blood vessels relax so your blood pressure is lower. Medicines that lower your blood pressure lower your chance of having a stroke or heart attack.

Rev. October 2016

Distributed by:

Allergan USA, Inc.

Irvine, CA 92612

Licensed from Mylan Laboratories, Inc.

Under license from Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium

Bystolic® is a registered trademark of Forest Laboratories, LLC, an Allergan affiliate.

Actidose®-Aqua is a registered trademark of Paddock Laboratories, LLC

© 2016 Allergan. All rights reserved.

PACKAGE LABEL - PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 2.5 MG LABEL

Rx Only

NDC 0456-1402-30

Nebistar®

(nebivolol) tablets

2.5 mg/tablet

30 Tablets

FOREST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

PACKAGE LABEL - PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 5 MG LABEL

Rx Only

NDC 0456-1405-90

Nebistar®

(nebivolol) tablets

5 mg/tablet

90 TABLETS

FOREST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

PACKAGE LABEL - PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 MG LABEL

NDC 0456-1410-90

Nebistar®

(nebivolol) tablets

10 mg/tablet

90 TABLETS

FOREST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

PACKAGE LABEL - PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 20 MG LABEL

NDC 0456-1420-90

Nebistar®

(nebivolol) tablets

20 mg/tablet

90 TABLETS

FOREST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Nebistar pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


Nebistar available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


Nebistar destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


Nebistar Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


Nebistar pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. "Nebivolol". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/co... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. "Nebivolol". http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB0486... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. "nebivolol: Link to the compound information in Wikipedia.". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebiv... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Nebistar?

Depending on the reaction of the Nebistar after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Nebistar not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Nebistar addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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Review

sdrugs.com conducted a study on Nebistar, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Nebistar consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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