Multivite Gold

Calcium:

• Indications and usage
• Dosage and administration
• Dosage forms and strengths
• Contraindications
• Warnings and precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Use in specific populations
• Overdosage
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Nonclinical toxicology
• Clinical studies
• How supplied/storage and handling
• Patient counseling information
• Multivite Gold (Calcium) reviews

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate is a phosphate binder indicated to reduce serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).

- Calcium acetate is a phosphate binder indicated for the reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease. (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The recommended initial dose of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate for the adult dialysis patient is 2 capsules with each meal. Increase the dose gradually to lower serum phosphorus levels to the target range, as long as hypercalcemia does not develop. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal.

- Starting dose is 2 capsules with each meal. (2)

- Titrate the dose every 2 to 3 weeks until acceptable serum phosphorus level is reached. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal. (2)

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Capsule: 667 mg Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate capsule.

- Capsule: 667 mg Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate capsule. (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

Patients with hypercalcemia.

- Hypercalcemia. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

- Treat mild hypercalcemia by reducing or interrupting Multivite Gold acetate and Vitamin D. Severe hypercalcemia may require hemodialysis and discontinuation of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate. (5.1)

- Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity. (5.2)

5.1 Hypercalcemia

Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia when treated with Multivite Gold (Calcium), including Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate. Avoid the use of Multivite Gold (Calcium) supplements, including Multivite Gold (Calcium) based nonprescription antacids, concurrently with Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate.

An overdose of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate may lead to progressive hypercalcemia, which may require emergency measures. Therefore, early in the treatment phase during the dosage adjustment period, monitor serum Multivite Gold (Calcium) levels twice weekly. Should hypercalcemia develop, reduce the Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate dosage, or discontinue the treatment, depending on the severity of hypercalcemia

More severe hypercalcemia (Ca >12 mg/dL) is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor and coma. Severe hypercalcemia can be treated by acute hemodialysis and discontinuing Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate therapy.

Mild hypercalcemia (10.5 to 11.9 mg/dL) may be asymptomatic or manifest as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Mild hypercalcemia is usually controlled by reducing the Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate dose or temporarily discontinuing therapy. Decreasing or discontinuing Vitamin D therapy is recommended as well.

Chronic hypercalcemia may lead to vascular calcification and other soft-tissue calcification. Radiographic evaluation of suspected anatomical regions may be helpful in early detection of soft tissue calcification. The long term effect of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate on the progression of vascular or soft tissue calcification has not been determined.

Hypercalcemia (>11 mg/dL) was reported in 16% of patients in a 3 month study of solid dose formulation of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate; all cases resolved upon lowering the dose or discontinuing treatment.

Maintain the serum calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product below 55 mg²/dL².

5.2 Concomitant Use with Medications

Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

Hypercalcemia is discussed elsewhere [see Warnings and Precautions ].

- The most common (>10%) adverse reactions are hypercalcemia, nausea and vomiting. (6.1)

- In clinical studies, patients have occasionally experienced nausea during Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate therapy. (6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-800-962-8364 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch

6.1 Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In clinical studies, Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate has been generally well tolerated.

Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate was studied in a 3 month, open-label, non-randomized study of 98 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients and an alternate liquid formulation of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate was studied in a two week double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with 69 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients. Adverse reactions (>2% on treatment) from these trials are presented in Table 1.

Mild hypercalcemia may be asymptomatic or manifest itself as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. More severe hypercalcemia is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor, and coma. Decreasing dialysate Multivite Gold (Calcium) concentration could reduce the incidence and severity of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate-induced hypercalcemia. Isolated cases pruritus have been reported, which may represent allergic reactions.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate: dizziness, edema, and weakness.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

The drug interaction of Multivite Gold acetate is characterized by the potential of Multivite Gold (Calcium) to bind to drugs with anionic functions (e.g., carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups). Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones via this mechanism.

There are no empirical data on avoiding drug interactions between Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate and most concomitant drugs. When administering an oral medication with Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate where a reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have a clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy, administer the drug one hour before or three hours after Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate. Monitor blood levels of the concomitant drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Patients taking anti-arrhythmic medications for the control of arrhythmias and anti-seizure medications for the control of seizure disorders were excluded from the clinical trials with all forms of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate.

- Calcium acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones. (7)

- When clinically significant drug interactions are expected, administer the drug at least one hour before or at least three hours after Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate or consider monitoring blood levels of the drug. (7)

7.1 Ciprofloxacin

In a study of 15 healthy subjects, a co-administered single dose of 4 Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate tablets, approximately 2.7g, decreased the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by approximately 50%.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C:

Multivite Gold acetate capsules contains Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate, and there are no adequate and well controlled studies of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate use in pregnant women. Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia with Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 ) ]. Maintenance of normal serum Multivite Gold (Calcium) levels is important for maternal and fetal well being. Hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase the risk for maternal and neonatal complications such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, and neonatal hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate treatment, as recommended, is not expected to harm a fetus if maternal Multivite Gold (Calcium) levels are properly monitored during and following treatment.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

The effects of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate on labor and delivery are unknown.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Multivite Gold Acetate Capsules contains Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate and is excreted in human milk. Human milk feeding by a mother receiving Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate is not expected to harm an infant, provided maternal serum Multivite Gold (Calcium) levels are appropriately monitored.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

10 OVERDOSAGE

Administration of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate in excess of the appropriate daily dosage may result in hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

11 DESCRIPTION

Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate acts as a phosphate binder. Its chemical name is Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate. Its molecular formula is C₄H₆CaO₄, and its molecular weight is 158.17. Its structural formula is:

Each white opaque/blue opaque capsule contains 667 mg of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate USP (anhydrous; Ca(CH₃COO)₂; MW=158.17 grams) equal to 169 mg (8.45 mEq) Multivite Gold (Calcium), polyethylene glycol 8000 and magnesium stearate. Each capsule shell contains: black monogramming ink, FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Red #3, gelatin and titanium dioxide. The black monogramming ink contains: ammonium hydroxide, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol and shellac glaze.

Multivite Gold (Calcium) Acetate Capsules are administered orally for the control of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal failure.

Chemical Structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Patients with ESRD retain phosphorus and can develop hyperphosphatemia. High serum phosphorus can precipitate serum Multivite Gold resulting in ectopic calcification. Hyperphosphatemia also plays a role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with ESRD.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate, when taken with meals, combines with dietary phosphate to form an insoluble Multivite Gold (Calcium) phosphate complex, which is excreted in the feces, resulting in decreased serum phosphorus concentration.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Orally administered Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate from pharmaceutical dosage forms is systemically absorbed up to approximately 40% under fasting conditions and up to approximately 30% under nonfasting conditions. This range represents data from both healthy subjects and renal dialysis patients under various conditions.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

No carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility studies have been conducted with Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Effectiveness of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate in decreasing serum phosphorus has been demonstrated in two studies of the Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate solid oral dosage form.

Ninety-one patients with end-stage renal disease who were undergoing hemodialysis and were hyperphosphatemic (serum phosphorus >5.5 mg/dL) following a 1 week phosphate binder washout period contributed efficacy data to an open-label, non-randomized study.

The patients received Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate 667 mg tablets at each meal for a period of 12 weeks. The initial starting dose was 2 tablets per meal for 3 meals a day, and the dose was adjusted as necessary to control serum phosphorus levels. The average final dose after 12 weeks of treatment was 3.4 tablets per meal. Although there was a decrease in serum phosphorus, in the absence of a control group the true magnitude of effect is uncertain.

The data presented in Table 2 demonstrate the efficacy of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease patients. The effects on serum Multivite Gold (Calcium) levels are also presented.

There was a 30% decrease in serum phosphorus levels during the 12 week study period (p<0.01). Two-thirds of the decline occurred in the first month of the study. Serum Multivite Gold (Calcium) increased 9% during the study mostly in the first month of the study.

Treatment with the phosphate binder was discontinued for patients from the open-label study, and those patients whose serum phosphorus exceeded 5.5 mg/dL were eligible for entry into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Patients were randomized to receive Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate or placebo, and each continued to receive the same number of tablets as had been individually established during the previous study. Following 2 weeks of treatment, patients switched to the alternative therapy for an additional 2 weeks.

The phosphate binding effect of Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate is shown in the Table 3.

Overall, 2 weeks of treatment with Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate statistically significantly (p<0.01) decreased serum phosphorus by a mean of 19% and increased serum Multivite Gold (Calcium) by a statistically significant (p<0.01) but clinically unimportant mean of 7%.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Multivite Gold (Calcium) Acetate Capsules

667 mg capsule is supplied as a white opaque/blue opaque capsule, imprinted with “54 215” on the cap and body.

NDC 0615-2303-39: Blistercards of 30 Capsules

NDC 0615-2303-30: Unit-dose Boxes of 30 Capsules

STORAGE

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Inform patients to take Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate capsules with meals, adhere to their prescribed diets, and avoid the use of Multivite Gold (Calcium) supplements including nonprescription antacids. Inform the patients about the symptoms of hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

Advise patients who are taking an oral medication where reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy to take the drug one hour before or three hours after Multivite Gold (Calcium) acetate capsules.

Distr. by: West-Ward

Pharmaceuticals Corp.

Eatontown, NJ 07724

10003705/05

Revised April 2016

Choline Bitartrate:

• Multivite Gold (Choline Bitartrate) reviews

Indication: For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance

This compound is needed for good nerve conduction throughout the CNS (central nervous system) as it is a precursor to acetylcholine (ACh). Multivite Gold (Choline Bitartrate) is also needed for gallbladder regulation, liver function and lecithin (a key lipid) formation. Multivite Gold (Choline Bitartrate) also aids in fat and cholesterol metabolism and prevents excessive fat build up in the liver. Multivite Gold (Choline Bitartrate) has been used to mitigate the effects of Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Multivite Gold (Choline Bitartrate) deficiencies may result in excessive build-up of fat in the liver, high blood pressure, gastric ulcers, kidney and liver dysfunction and stunted growth.

Copper:

• Indications:
• General directions:
• Active ingredient:
• Inactive ingredients:
• Caution:
• Storage:
• Net contents:
• Multivite Gold (Copper) reviews

Water-Resistant Protection Without Bandaging

Recommended as an Aid in Treating Horses and Ponies With Thrush Due to Organisms Susceptible to Multivite Gold (Copper) Naphthenate.

For Animal Use Only.

INDICATIONS:

ThrushTox® is indicated in the treatment of thrush in horses and ponies.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS:

Clean the hoof thoroughly, removing debris and necrotic material prior to application of Multivite Gold (Copper)^®. Apply daily to affected hoofs with a narrow paint brush (about 1”) until fully healed. Caution: Do not allow runoff of excess Multivite Gold (Copper)^® onto hair since contact with Multivite Gold (Copper)^® may cause some hair loss. Do not contaminate feed.

NOTE: Multivite Gold (Copper)^® is easily removed from hands, clothing and surfaces with light grade fuel oil or any type of lighter fluid.

CONTAINS FOIL SEAL – REMOVE BEFORE USE.

SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE.

To report suspected adverse reactions or to obtain technical assistance, call 1-800-650-4899.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Multivite Gold (Copper) Naphthenate...37.5% w/w

INACTIVE INGREDIENTS:

Inert Ingredients...62.5% w/w

Total... 100.0%

CAUTION:

Do not use in horses intended for human consumption.

CAUTION: COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE.

Use in a well-ventilated place. Avoid fire, flame, sparks or heaters.

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting, call physician immediately. Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN AND PETS.

STORAGE:

Store at controlled room temperature 15º to 30ºC (59º to 86ºF). Keep container tightly closed when not in use.

Manufactured for:

Aspen Veterinary Resources,^® Ltd.

Liberty, MO 64068, USA

FC163FP 11/13

Manufactured by:

First Priority, Inc.

Elgin, IL 60123-1146, USA

NET CONTENTS:

16 OZ (473 mL)

ANADA 200-304, Approved by FDA

Image of 473 mL bottle/case label

Folic Acid:

• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Storage
• Multivite Gold (Folic Acid) reviews

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Folic Acid)^® is a prescription iron supplement indicated for use in improving the nutritional status of iron deficiency.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

This product is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients. Hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis are contraindications to iron therapy.

PRECAUTIONS

Multivite Gold (Folic Acid) acid when administered as a single agent in doses above 0.1 mg daily may obscure pernicious anemia in that hematological remission can occur while neurological manifestations remain progressive. While prescribing this nutritional supplement for pregnant women, nursing mothers, or for women prior to conception, their medical condition and other drugs, herbs, and/or supplements consumption should be considered.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Allergic sensitization has been reported following both oral and parenteral administration of Multivite Gold (Folic Acid) acid.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

One tablet daily with or without food or as prescribed by a licensed healthcare provider with prescribing authority.

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold (Folic Acid)^® tablets are supplied in child-resistant bottles of 90 tablets (NDC 0037-6885-90)

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

STORAGE

Store at controlled room temperature 20°-25°C (68°-77°F). Excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F).

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container to protect from light and moisture.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS contact Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc. at 1-888-349-5556 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch

Distributed by:

Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Somerset New Jersey 08873-4120

© 2014 Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

U.S. Patent Nos. 7,585,527 and 8,080,520

Proferrin® is a registered trademark of Colorado BioLabs, Inc., Cozad, NE.

Multivite Gold (Folic Acid) and the BIFERA logo are registered trademarks and the Multivite Gold (Folic Acid) logo is a trademark of Alaven Pharmaceutical LLC, used under license by Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

MEDA PHARMACEUTICALS mark and logo are trademarks of Meda AB.

IN-6885-02 Rev 6/2014

Garlic:

• Multivite Gold (Garlic) reviews

Ginkgo Biloba Extract:

• Multivite Gold (Ginkgo Biloba Extract) reviews

Indication: Appears to be effective in: alleviating age-related memory impairment in some elderly people with mild to moderate age-related memory or cognitive impairment; improving cognitive function in healthy young to middle-aged people; improving symptoms of Alzheimer's, vascular or mixed dementia; improving damage to the visual field in patients with normal tension glaucoma; decreasing the number of painful attacks in patients with Raynaud's syndrome; and may improve symptoms of vertigo and dizziness in some patients.

The mechanism by which Multivite Gold (Ginkgo Biloba Extract) is thought to be effective for these conditions appears to be in part through active "ginkgolides" terpenoids and flavinoids that appear to inhibit platelet aggregation, neutrophil degranulation, and the induction of oxygen-free radical production

Ginseng Extract:

• Multivite Gold (Ginseng Extract) reviews

Inositol:

• Multivite Gold (Inositol) reviews

Iodine:

• Iodine tincture 7%
• Iodine tincture 7%
• Multivite Gold (Iodine) reviews

Multivite Gold Tincture 7%

Directions:

Topical Antiseptic

Use full Strength for superficial cuts, wounds, abrasions, insect bites and bruises on the skin of animals. Apply Multivite Gold (Iodine) with a swab.

If necessary, clip hair around the area being treated and clean with soap and water.

Apply Multivite Gold (Iodine) Tincture 7% only once daily. Dilute product 3 to 1 if repeating application.

Do not apply under bandage.

Irritation may occur if used on tender skin areas. If redness, irritation, or swelling persists or increases, discontinue use and consult a veterinarian.

Storage:

Store at 2-30 degrees C (36-86 degrees F).

Keep container away from heat and out of sunlight. Rinse empty container thoroughly and discard.

DANGER - Poison

Caution:

If swallowed, give starch paste, milk, bread, egg white, or

activated charcoal. A 5% solutions of sodium thiosulfate

(Photographic (“hypc”) may be administered orally at a

rate of 10 ml per kilogram of body weight.

Eye irritant: Use only as directed. Avoid contact with eyes. In case of contact, flush eyes immediately with tepid water for at least 15 minutes. Consult a physician.

Avoid contamination of food.

Not for use on burns, deep cuts, or body cavities.

Multivite Gold Tincture 7%

image description

Iron:

• Indications and usage
• Dosage and administration
• Dosage forms and strengths
• Contraindications
• Warnings and precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Use in specific populations
• Overdosage
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Nonclinical toxicology
• Clinical studies
• How supplied/storage and handling
• Patient counseling information
• Multivite Gold (Iron) reviews

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Iron) is indicated for the treatment of Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Multivite Gold (Iron) is an Multivite Gold (Iron) replacement product indicated for the treatment of Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Multivite Gold must only be administered intravenously either by slow injection or by infusion. The dosage of Multivite Gold (Iron) is expressed in mg of elemental Multivite Gold (Iron). Each mL contains 20 mg of elemental Multivite Gold (Iron).

2.1 Adult Patients with Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD-CKD)

Administer Multivite Gold (Iron) 100 mg undiluted as a slow intravenous injection over 2 to 5 minutes, or as an infusion of 100 mg diluted in a maximum of 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl over a period of at least 15 minutes, per consecutive hemodialysis session. Multivite Gold (Iron) should be administered early during the dialysis session. The usual total treatment course of Multivite Gold (Iron) is 1000 mg. Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment may be repeated if Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency reoccurs.

2.2 Adult Patients with Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Administer Multivite Gold (Iron) 200 mg undiluted as a slow intravenous injection over 2 to 5 minutes or as an infusion of 200 mg in a maximum of 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl over a period of 15 minutes. Administer on 5 different occasions over a 14 day period. There is limited experience with administration of an infusion of 500 mg of Multivite Gold (Iron), diluted in a maximum of 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl, over a period of 3.5 to 4 hours on Day 1 and Day 14. Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment may be repeated if Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency reoccurs.

2.3 Adult Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Administer Multivite Gold (Iron) in 3 divided doses, given by slow intravenous infusion, within a 28 day period: 2 infusions each of 300 mg over 1.5 hours 14 days apart followed by one 400 mg infusion over 2.5 hours 14 days later. Dilute Multivite Gold (Iron) in a maximum of 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl. Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment may be repeated if Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency reoccurs.

2.4 Pediatric Patients with HDD-CKD for Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment

The dosing for Multivite Gold (Iron) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with HDD-CKD has not been established.

For Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment: Administer Multivite Gold (Iron) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every two weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes or diluted in 25 mL of 0.9% NaCl and administered over 5 to 60 minutes. Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment may be repeated if necessary.

2.5 Pediatric Patients with NDD-CKD or PDD-CKD who are on erythropoietin therapy for Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment

The dosing for Multivite Gold (Iron) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with NDD-CKD or PDD-CKD has not been established.

For Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment: Administer Multivite Gold (Iron) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every four weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes or diluted in 25 mL of 0.9% NaCl and administered over 5 to 60 minutes. Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment may be repeated if necessary.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

• 10 mL single-use vial / 200 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL)
• 5 mL single-use vial / 100 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL)
• 2.5 mL single-use vial / 50 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL)

• 10 mL single-use vial / 200 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL) (3)
• 5 mL single-use vial / 100 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL) (3)
• 2.5 mL single-use vial / 50 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL) (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Known hypersensitivity to Multivite Gold (Iron)

• Known hypersensitivity to Multivite Gold (Iron) (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

• Hypersensitivity Reactions: Observe for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Multivite Gold administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of each administration. Only administer Multivite Gold (Iron) when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. (5.1)
• Hypotension: Multivite Gold (Iron) may cause hypotension. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension during and following each administration of Multivite Gold (Iron). (5.2)
• Multivite Gold (Iron) Overload: Regularly monitor hematologic responses during Multivite Gold (Iron) therapy. Do not administer Multivite Gold (Iron) to patients with Multivite Gold (Iron) overload. (5.3)

5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic-type reactions, some of which have been life-threatening and fatal, have been reported in patients receiving Multivite Gold (Iron). Patients may present with shock, clinically significant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse. If hypersensitivity reactions or signs of intolerance occur during administration, stop Multivite Gold (Iron) immediately. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Multivite Gold (Iron) administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of the infusion. Only administer Multivite Gold (Iron) when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. Most reactions associated with intravenous Multivite Gold (Iron) preparations occur within 30 minutes of the completion of the infusion .

5.2 Hypotension

Multivite Gold may cause clinically significant hypotension. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension following each administration of Multivite Gold (Iron). Hypotension following administration of Multivite Gold (Iron) may be related to the rate of administration and/or total dose administered .

5.3 Multivite Gold (Iron) Overload

Excessive therapy with parenteral Multivite Gold (Iron) can lead to excess storage of Multivite Gold (Iron) with the possibility of iatrogenic hemosiderosis. All adult and pediatric patients receiving Multivite Gold (Iron) require periodic monitoring of hematologic and Multivite Gold (Iron) parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation). Do not administer Multivite Gold (Iron) to patients with evidence of Multivite Gold (Iron) overload. Transferrin saturation (TSAT) values increase rapidly after intravenous administration of Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose; do not perform serum Multivite Gold (Iron) measurements for at least 48 hours after intravenous dosing .

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following serious adverse reactions associated with Multivite Gold are described in other sections .

• The most common adverse reactions (≥2%) following the administration of Multivite Gold (Iron) are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, hypotension, pruritus, pain in extremity, arthralgia, back pain, muscle cramp, injection site reactions, chest pain, and peripheral edema. (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact American Regent, Inc. at 1-800-734-9236 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse Reactions in Adults Patients with CKD

Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients with CKD

The frequency of adverse reactions associated with the use of Multivite Gold has been documented in six clinical trials involving 231 patients with HDD-CKD, 139 patients with NDD-CKD and 75 patients with PDD-CKD. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported by ≥ 2% of treated patients in the six clinical trials for which the rate for Multivite Gold (Iron) exceeds the rate for comparator are listed by indication in Table 1. Patients with HDD-CKD received 100 mg doses at 10 consecutive dialysis sessions until a cumulative dose of 1000 mg was administered. Patients with NDD-CKD received either 5 doses of 200 mg over 2 weeks or 2 doses of 500 mg separated by fourteen days, and patients with PDD-CKD received 2 doses of 300 mg followed by a dose of 400 mg over a period of 4 weeks.

One hundred thirty (11%) of the 1,151 patients evaluated in the 4 U.S. trials in HDD-CKD patients (studies A, B and the two post marketing studies) had prior other intravenous Multivite Gold (Iron) therapy and were reported to be intolerant (defined as precluding further use of that Multivite Gold (Iron) product). When these patients were treated with Multivite Gold (Iron) there were no occurrences of adverse reactions that precluded further use of Multivite Gold (Iron) .

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with CKD (ages 2 years and older)

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with CKD (ages 2 years and older)

In a randomized, open-label, dose-ranging trial for Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment with Multivite Gold (Iron) in pediatric patients with CKD on stable erythropoietin therapy , at least one treatment-emergent adverse reaction was experienced by 57% (27/47) of the patients receiving Multivite Gold (Iron) 0.5 mg/kg, 53% (25/47) of the patients receiving Multivite Gold (Iron) 1.0 mg/kg, and 55% (26/47) of the patients receiving Multivite Gold (Iron) 2.0 mg/kg.

A total of 5 (11%) subjects in the Multivite Gold (Iron) 0.5 mg/kg group, 10 (21%) patients in the Multivite Gold (Iron) 1.0 mg/kg group, and 10 (21%) patients in the Multivite Gold (Iron) 2.0 mg/kg group experienced at least 1 serious adverse reaction during the study. The most common treatment-emergent adverse reactions (> 2% of patients) in all patients were headache (6%), respiratory tract viral infection (4%), peritonitis (4%), vomiting (4%), pyrexia (4%), dizziness (4%), cough (4%), renal transplant (4%), nausea (3%), arteriovenous fistula thrombosis (2%), hypotension (2%), and hypertension (2.1%).

6.2 Adverse Reactions from Post-Marketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

In the post-marketing safety studies in 1,051 treated patients with HDD-CKD, the adverse reactions reported by > 1% were: cardiac failure congestive, sepsis and dysgeusia.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Multivite Gold (Iron). Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure: Anaphylactic-type reactions, shock, loss of consciousness, collapse, bronchospasm, dyspnea, convulsions, light-headedness, confusion, angioedema, swelling of the joints, hyperhidrosis, back pain, bradycardia, and chromaturia.

Symptoms associated with Multivite Gold (Iron) total dosage or infusing too rapidly included hypotension, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, joint aches, paresthesia, abdominal and muscle pain, edema, and cardiovascular collapse. These adverse reactions have occurred up to 30 minutes after the administration of Multivite Gold (Iron) injection. Reactions have occurred following the first dose or subsequent doses of Multivite Gold (Iron). Symptoms may respond to intravenous fluids, hydrocortisone, and/or antihistamines. Slowing the infusion rate may alleviate symptoms.

Injection site discoloration has been reported following extravasation. Assure stable intravenous access to avoid extravasation.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drug interactions involving Multivite Gold (Iron) have not been studied. However, Multivite Gold (Iron) may reduce the absorption of concomitantly administered oral Multivite Gold (Iron) preparations.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category B

Pregnancy Category B

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, Multivite Gold sucrose was administered intravenously to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 13 mg/kg/day of elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (half or equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively) and revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose. Because animal reproductive studies are not always predictive of human response, Multivite Gold (Iron) should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose is excreted in human milk. Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose is secreted into the milk of lactating rats. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Multivite Gold (Iron) is administered to a nursing woman.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of Multivite Gold for Multivite Gold (Iron) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD have not been established.

Safety and effectiveness of Multivite Gold (Iron) for Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD receiving erythropoietin therapy were studied. Multivite Gold (Iron) at doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg was administered. All three doses maintained hemoglobin between 10.5 g/dL and 14.0 g/dL in about 50% of subjects over the 12-week treatment period with stable EPO dosing. [See Clinical Studies (14.6)]

Multivite Gold (Iron) has not been studied in patients younger than 2 years of age.

In a country where Multivite Gold (Iron) is available for use in children, at a single site, five premature infants (weight less than 1,250 g) developed necrotizing enterocolitis and two of the five died during or following a period when they received Multivite Gold (Iron), several other medications and erythropoietin. Necrotizing enterocolitis may be a complication of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. No causal relationship to Multivite Gold (Iron) or any other drugs could be established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Multivite Gold (Iron) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Of the 1,051 patients in two post-marketing safety studies of Multivite Gold (Iron), 40% were 65 years and older. No overall differences in safety were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. In general, dose administration to an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

10 OVERDOSAGE

No data are available regarding overdosage of Multivite Gold (Iron) in humans. Excessive dosages of Multivite Gold (Iron) may lead to accumulation of Multivite Gold (Iron) in storage sites potentially leading to hemosiderosis. Do not administer Multivite Gold (Iron) to patients with Multivite Gold (Iron) overload.

Toxicities in single-dose studies in mice and rats, at intravenous Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose doses up to 8 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, included sedation, hypoactivity, pale eyes, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, and mortality.

11 DESCRIPTION

Multivite Gold (Iron) (iron sucrose injection, USP), an Multivite Gold (Iron) replacement product, is a brown, sterile, aqueous, complex of polynuclear Multivite Gold (Iron) (III)-hydroxide in sucrose for intravenous use. Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose injection has a molecular weight of approximately 34,000 to 60,000 daltons and a proposed structural formula:

[Na₂Fe₅O₈(OH) ·3(H₂O)]_n ·m(C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

where: n is the degree of Multivite Gold (Iron) polymerization and m is the number of sucrose molecules associated with the Multivite Gold (Iron) (III)-hydroxide.

Each mL contains 20 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) as Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose in water for injection. Multivite Gold (Iron) is available in 10 mL single-use vials (200 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) per 10 mL), 5 mL single-use vials (100 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) per 5 mL), and 2.5 mL single-use vials (50 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) per 2.5 mL). The drug product contains approximately 30% sucrose w/v (300 mg/mL) and has a pH of 10.5 to 11.1. The product contains no preservatives. The osmolarity of the injection is 1,250 mOsmol/L.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Multivite Gold is an aqueous complex of poly-nuclear Multivite Gold (Iron) (III)-hydroxide in sucrose. Following intravenous administration, Multivite Gold (Iron) is dissociated into Multivite Gold (Iron) and sucrose and the Multivite Gold (Iron) is transported as a complex with transferrin to target cells including erythroid precursor cells. The Multivite Gold (Iron) in the precursor cells is incorporated into hemoglobin as the cells mature into red blood cells.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Following intravenous administration, Multivite Gold (Iron) is dissociated into Multivite Gold (Iron) and sucrose. In 22 patients undergoing hemodialysis and receiving erythropoietin (recombinant human erythropoietin) therapy treated with Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose containing 100 mg of Multivite Gold (Iron), three times weekly for three weeks, significant increases in serum Multivite Gold (Iron) and serum ferritin and significant decreases in total Multivite Gold (Iron) binding capacity occurred four weeks from the initiation of Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose treatment.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

In healthy adults administered intravenous doses of Multivite Gold, its Multivite Gold (Iron) component exhibited first order kinetics with an elimination half-life of 6 h, total clearance of 1.2 L/h, and steady state apparent volume of distribution of 7.9 L. The Multivite Gold (Iron) component appeared to distribute mainly in blood and to some extent in extravascular fluid. A study evaluating Multivite Gold (Iron) containing 100 mg of Multivite Gold (Iron) labeled with ⁵²Fe/⁵⁹Fe in patients with Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency showed that a significant amount of the administered Multivite Gold (Iron) is distributed to the liver, spleen and bone marrow and that the bone marrow is an irreversible Multivite Gold (Iron) trapping compartment.

Following intravenous administration of Multivite Gold (Iron), Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose is dissociated into Multivite Gold (Iron) and sucrose. The sucrose component is eliminated mainly by urinary excretion. In a study evaluating a single intravenous dose of Multivite Gold (Iron) containing 1,510 mg of sucrose and 100 mg of Multivite Gold (Iron) in 12 healthy adults (9 female, 3 male: age range 32 to 52), 68.3% of the sucrose was eliminated in urine in 4 h and 75.4% in 24 h. Some Multivite Gold (Iron) was also eliminated in the urine. Neither transferrin nor transferrin receptor levels changed immediately after the dose administration. In this study and another study evaluating a single intravenous dose of Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose containing 500 to 700 mg of Multivite Gold (Iron) in 26 patients with anemia on erythropoietin therapy (23 female, 3 male; age range 16 to 60), approximately 5% of the Multivite Gold (Iron) was eliminated in urine in 24 h at each dose level. The effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of Multivite Gold (Iron) have not been studied.

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients

In a single-dose PK study of Multivite Gold (Iron), patients with NDD-CDK ages 12 to 16 (N=11) received intravenous bolus doses of Multivite Gold (Iron) at 7 mg/kg (maximum 200 mg) administered over 5 minutes. Following single dose Multivite Gold (Iron), the half-life of total serum Multivite Gold (Iron) was 8 hours. The mean Cmax and AUC values were 8545 μg/dl and 31305 hr-μg/dL, respectively, which were 1.42- and 1.67-fold higher than dose adjusted adult Cmax and AUC values.

Multivite Gold (Iron) is not dialyzable through CA210 (Baxter) High Efficiency or Fresenius F80A High Flux dialysis membranes. In in vitro studies, the amount of Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose in the dialysate fluid was below the levels of detection of the assay (less than 2 parts per million).

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose.

Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose was not mutagenic in vitro in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) or the mouse lymphoma assay. Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose was not clastogenic in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay using human lymphocytes or in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.

Multivite Gold (Iron) sucrose at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day of elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) had no effect on fertility and reproductive function of male and female rats.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Five clinical trials involving 647 adult patients and one clinical trial involving 131 pediatric patients were conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of Multivite Gold.

14.1 Study A: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD–CKD)

Study A was a multicenter, open-label, historically-controlled study in 101 patients with HDD-CKD (77 patients with Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment and 24 in the historical control group) with Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency anemia. Eligibility criteria for Multivite Gold (Iron) treatment included patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, receiving erythropoietin, hemoglobin level between 8.0 and 11.0 g/dL, transferrin saturation < 20%, and serum ferritin < 300 ng/mL. The mean age of the patients was 65 years with the age range of 31 to 85 years. Of the 77 patients, 44 (57%) were male and 33 (43%) were female.

Multivite Gold (Iron) 100 mg was administered at 10 consecutive dialysis sessions either as slow injection or a slow infusion. The historical control population consisted of 24 patients with similar ferritin levels as patients treated with Multivite Gold (Iron), who were off intravenous Multivite Gold (Iron) for at least 2 weeks and who had received erythropoietin therapy with hematocrit averaging 31 to 36 for at least two months prior to study entry. The mean age of patients in the historical control group was 56 years, with an age range of 29 to 80 years. Patient age and serum ferritin level were similar between treatment and historical control patients.

Patients in the Multivite Gold (Iron) treated population showed a greater increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit than did patients in the historical control population. See Table 2.

Serum ferritin increased at endpoint of study from baseline in the Venofer-treated population (165.3 ± 24.2 ng/mL) compared to the historical control population (-27.6 ± 9.5 ng/mL). Transferrin saturation also increased at endpoint of study from baseline in the Venofer-treated population (8.8 ± 1.6%) compared to this historical control population (-5.1 ± 4.3%).

14.2 Study B: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study B was a multicenter, open label study of Multivite Gold (Iron) in 23 patients with Multivite Gold (Iron) deficiency and HDD-CKD who had been discontinued from Multivite Gold (Iron) dextran due to intolerance. Eligibility criteria were otherwise identical to Study A. The mean age of the patients in this study was 53 years, with ages ranging from 21 to 79 years. Of the 23 patients enrolled in the study, 10 (44%) were male and 13 (56%) were female.

All 23 enrolled patients were evaluated for efficacy. Increases in mean hemoglobin (1.1 ± 0.2 g/dL), hematocrit (3.6 ± 0.6%), serum ferritin (266.3 ± 30.3 ng/mL) and transferrin saturation (8.7 ± 2.0%) were observed from baseline to end of treatment.

14.3 Study C: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study C was a multicenter, open-label study in patients with HDD-CKD. This study enrolled patients with a hemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL, a serum transferrin saturation ≤ 20%, and a serum ferritin ≤ 200 ng/mL, who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis 2 to 3 times weekly. The mean age of the patients enrolled in this study was 41 years, with ages ranging from 16 to 70 years. Of 130 patients evaluated for efficacy in this study, 68 (52%) were male and 62 (48%) were female. Forty-eight percent of the patients had previously been treated with oral Multivite Gold (Iron). Exclusion criteria were similar to those in studies A and B. Multivite Gold (Iron) was administered in doses of 100 mg during sequential dialysis sessions until a pre-determined (calculated) total dose of Multivite Gold (Iron) was administered. A 50 mg dose (2.5 mL) was given to patients within two weeks of study entry as a test dose. Twenty-seven patients (20%) were receiving erythropoietin treatment at study entry and they continued to receive the same erythropoietin dose for the duration of the study.

The modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population consisted of 131 patients. Increases from baseline in mean hemoglobin (1.7 g/dL), hematocrit (5%), serum ferritin (434.6 ng/mL), and serum transferrin saturation (14%) were observed at week 2 of the observation period and these values remained increased at week 4 of the observation period.

14.4 Study D: Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study D was a randomized, open-label, multicenter, active-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of oral Multivite Gold (Iron) versus Multivite Gold (Iron) in patients with NDD-CKD with or without erythropoietin therapy. Erythropoietin therapy was stable for 8 weeks prior to randomization. In the study 188 patients with NDD-CKD, hemoglobin of ≤ 11.0 g/dL, transferrin saturation ≤ 25%, ferritin ≤ 300 ng/mL were randomized to receive oral Multivite Gold (Iron) (325 mg ferrous sulfate three times daily for 56 days); or Multivite Gold (Iron) (either 200 mg over 2 to 5 minutes 5 times within 14 days or two 500 mg infusions on Day 1 and Day 14, administered over 3.5 to 4 hours). The mean age of the 91 treated patients in the Multivite Gold (Iron) group was 61.6 years (range 25 to 86 years) and 64 years (range 21 to 86 years) for the 91 patients in the oral Multivite Gold (Iron) group.

A statistically significantly greater proportion of Multivite Gold (Iron) subjects (35/79; 44.3%) compared to oral Multivite Gold (Iron) subjects (23/82; 28%) had an increase in hemoglobin ≥ 1 g/dL at anytime during the study (p = 0.03).

14.5 Study E: Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study E was a randomized, open-label, multicenter study comparing patients with PDD-CKD receiving an erythropoietin and intravenous Multivite Gold (Iron) to patients with PDD-CKD receiving an erythropoietin alone without Multivite Gold (Iron) supplementation. Patients with PDD-CKD, stable erythropoietin for 8 weeks, hemoglobin of ≤ 11.5 g/dL, TSAT ≤ 25%, ferritin ≤ 500 ng/mL were randomized to receive either no Multivite Gold (Iron) or Multivite Gold (Iron) (300 mg in 250 mL 0.9% NaCl over 1.5 hours on Day 1 and 15 and 400 mg in 250 mL 0.9% NaCl over 2.5 hours on Day 29). The mean age of the 75 treated patients in the Multivite Gold (Iron) / erythropoietin group was 51.9 years (range 21 to 81 years) vs. 52.8 years (range 23 to 77 years) for 46 patients in the erythropoietin alone group.

Patients in the Multivite Gold (Iron) / erythropoietin group had statistically significantly greater mean change from baseline to the highest hemoglobin value (1.3 g/dL), compared to subjects who received erythropoietin alone (0.6 g/dL) (p < 0.01). A greater proportion of subjects treated with Multivite Gold (Iron) / erythropoietin (59.1 %) had an increase in hemoglobin of ≥ 1 g/dL at any time during the study compared to the subjects who received erythropoietin only (33.3%).

14.6 Study F: Multivite Gold Maintenance Treatment Dosing in Pediatric Patients Ages 2 years and Older with Chronic Kidney Disease

Study F was a randomized, open-label, dose-ranging study for Multivite Gold (Iron) maintenance treatment in pediatric patients with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD on stable erythropoietin therapy. The study randomized patients to one of three doses of Multivite Gold (Iron) (0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg). The mean age was 13 years (range 2 to 20 years). Over 70% of patients were 12 years or older in all three groups. There were 84 males and 61 females. About 60% of patients underwent hemodialysis and 25% underwent peritoneal dialysis in all three dose groups. At baseline, the mean hemoglobin was 12 g/dL, the mean TSAT was 33% and the mean ferritin was 300 ng/mL. Patients with HDD-CKD received Multivite Gold (Iron) once every other week for 6 doses. Patients with PDD-CKD or NDD-CKD received Multivite Gold (Iron) once every 4 weeks for 3 doses. Among 131 evaluable patients with stable erythropoietin dosing, the proportion of patients who maintained hemoglobin between 10.5 g/dL and 14.0 g/dL during the 12-week treatment period was 58.7%, 46.7%, and 45.0% in the Multivite Gold (Iron) 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg groups, respectively. A dose-response relationship was not demonstrated.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/storage and handling

16.1 How Supplied

Multivite Gold is supplied sterile in 10 mL, 5 mL, and 2.5 mL single-use vials. Each 10 mL vial contains 200 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron), each 5 mL vial contains 100 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron), and each 2.5 mL vial contains 50 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) (20 mg/mL).

16.2 Stability and Storage

Contains no preservatives. Store in original carton at 20°C to 25°C (68° F to 77° F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).. Do not freeze.

Syringe Stability: Multivite Gold (Iron), when diluted with 0.9% NaCl at concentrations ranging from 2 mg to 10 mg of elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) per mL, or undiluted (20 mg elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) per mL) and stored in a plastic syringe, was found to be physically and chemically stable for 7 days at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 2°C) and under refrigeration (4°C ± 2°C).

Intravenous Admixture Stability: Multivite Gold (Iron), when added to intravenous infusion bags (PVC or non-PVC) containing 0.9% NaCl at concentrations ranging from 1 mg to 2 mg of elemental Multivite Gold (Iron) per mL, has been found to be physically and chemically stable for 7 days at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 2°C).

Do not dilute to concentrations below 1 mg/mL.

Do not mix Multivite Gold (Iron) with other medications or add to parenteral nutrition solutions for intravenous infusion.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to infusion.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Prior to Multivite Gold (Iron) administration:

• Question patients regarding any prior history of reactions to parenteral Multivite Gold (Iron) products
• Advise patients of the risks associated with Multivite Gold (Iron)
• Advise patients to report any symptoms of hypersensitivity that may develop during and following Multivite Gold (Iron) administration, such as rash, itching, dizziness, light-headedness, swelling, and breathing problems [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]

AMERICAN

REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

Multivite Gold (Iron) is manufactured under license from Vifor (International) Inc., Switzerland.

PremierProRx^® is a trademark of Premier, Inc., used under license.

PREMIERProRx^®

IN2340

MG #15727

L-Carnitine:

• Multivite Gold (L-Carnitine) reviews

Indication: For treatment of primary systemic carnitine deficiency, a genetic impairment of normal biosynthesis or utilization of levocarnitine from dietary sources, or for the treatment of secondary carnitine deficiency resulting from an inborn error of metabolism such as glutaric aciduria II, methyl malonic aciduria, propionic acidemia, and medium chain fatty acylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. Parenteral levocarnitine is indicated for the prevention and treatment of carnitine deficiency in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Levocarnitine is a carrier molecule in the transport of long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It also exports acyl groups from subcellular organelles and from cells to urine before they accumulate to toxic concentrations. Lack of carnitine can lead to liver, heart, and muscle problems. Carnitine deficiency is defined biochemically as abnormally low plasma concentrations of free carnitine, less than 20 µmol/L at one week post term and may be associated with low tissue and/or urine concentrations. Further, this condition may be associated with a plasma concentration ratio of acylcarnitine/levocarnitine greater than 0.4 or abnormally elevated concentrations of acylcarnitine in the urine. Only the L isomer of carnitine (sometimes called vitamin BT) affects lipid metabolism. The "vitamin BT" form actually contains D,L-carnitine, which competitively inhibits levocarnitine and can cause deficiency. Levocarnitine can be used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.

Lysine:

• Boxed warning
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Multivite Gold (Lysine) reviews

BOXED WARNING

Pharmacy Bulk Package

Not For Direct Infusion

DESCRIPTION

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% Amino Acids Injection in a Pharmacy Bulk Package is a sterile, clear, nonpyrogenic solution of essential and nonessential amino acids for intravenous infusion in parenteral nutrition following appropriate dilution.

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% in a Pharmacy Bulk Package is not for direct infusion. It is a sterile dosage from which contains several single doses for use in a pharmacy admixture program in the preparation of intravenous parenteral fluids.

Each 100 mL contains:

The formulas for the individual amino acids are as follows:

Formulas for individual amino acids

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% Amino Acids Injection providesseventeen crystalline amino acids. This completely utilizable substrate promotesprotein synthesis and wound healing and reduces the rate of protein catabolism.

A.Total Parenteral Nutrition (Central Infusion)

When enteralfeeding is inadvisable, Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% given by central venousinfusion in combination with energy sources, vitamins, trace elements andelectrolytes, will completely satisfy the requirements for weight maintenanceor weight gain, depending upon the dose selected. The energy component inparenteral nutrition by central infusion may be derived solely from dextroseor may be provided by a combination of dextrose and intravenous fat emulsion. The addition of intravenous fat emulsion provides essential fatty acids andpermits a dietary balance of fat and carbohydrate, at the same time offeringthe option of reducing the dextrose load and/or increasing the total caloricinput. An adequate energy supply is essential for optimal utilization of aminoacids.

B. Total Parenteral Nutrition (Peripheral Infusion)

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%can also be administered as part of a total parenteral nutrition program byperipheral vein when the enteral route is inadvisable and use of the centralvenous catheter is contraindicated.

Reduction of proteinloss can be achieved by use of diluted Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% in combinationwith dextrose or with dextrose and intravenous fat emulsion by peripheralinfusion. Complete peripheral intravenous nutrition can be achieved in patientswith low caloric requirements by a Multivite Gold (Lysine)^®15%-dextrose-fatregimen.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% is indicated as an amino acid(nitrogen) source in parenteral nutrition regimens. This use is appropriatewhen the enteral route is inadvisable, inadequate or not possible, as when:

-Gastrointestinal absorption is impaired by obstruction, inflammatory diseaseor its complications, or antineoplastic therapy;

-Bowel rest is needed because of gastrointestinal surgery or its complicationssuch as ileus, fistulae or anastomotic leaks;

-Tube feeding methods alone cannot provide adequate nutrition.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

This solution should not be used in patients in hepatic coma,severe renal failure, metabolic disorders involving impaired nitrogen utilizationor hypersensitivity to one or more amino acids.

WARNINGS

Administration of amino acids solutions at excessive ratesor to patients with hepatic insufficiency may result in plasma amino acidimbalances, hyperammonemia, prerenal azotemia, stupor and coma. Conservativedoses of amino acids should be given to these patients, dictated by the nutritionalstatus of the patient. Should symptoms of hyperammonemia develop, amino acidadministration should be discontinued and the patient’s clinical statusre-evaluated.

Contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfitethat may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms andlife-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptiblepeople. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general populationis unknown and probably low.

Sulfite sensitivity isseen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.

WARNING: This product contains aluminum that maybe toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administrationif kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at riskbecause their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calciumand phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Researchindicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including prematureneonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous systemand bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

PRECAUTIONS

A. GENERAL

It is essential to provide adequate calories concurrently if parenterally administered amino acids are to be retained by the body and utilized for protein synthesis.

The administration of Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% Amino Acids Injection as part of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with large volumes of hyperosmotic fluids requires periodic monitoring of the patient for signs of hyperosmolarity, hyperglycemia, glycosuria and hypertriglyceridemia.

During parenteral nutrition with concentrated dextrose and amino acids solutions, essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome may develop but may not be clinically apparent. Early demonstration of this condition can only be accomplished by gas liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma lipids. The syndrome may be prevented or corrected by appropriate treatment with intravenous fat emulsions.

For complete nutritional support, TPN regimens must also include multiple vitamins and trace elements. Potentially incompatible ions such as calcium and phosphate may be added to alternate infusate bottles to avoid precipitation. Although the metabolizable acetate ion in Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% diminishes the risk of acidosis, the physician must be alert to the potential appearance of this disorder.

Initiation and termination of infusions of TPN fluids must be gradual to permit adjustment of endogenous insulin release.

Undiluted Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% should not be administered peripherally. When administered centrally, it should be diluted with appropriate diluents, e.g., dextrose, electrolytes and other nutrient components, to at least half strength. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.

Caution against volume overload should be exercised.

Drug product contains no more than 25 mcg/L of aluminum.

B. Laboratory Tests

Infusion of Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% without concomitant infusion of an adequate number of non-protein calories may result in elevated BUN. Monitoring of BUN is required and the balance between Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% and the calorie source may require adjustment. Frequent clinical evaluations and laboratory determinations are required to prevent the complications which may occur during the administration of solutions used in TPN. Laboratory tests should include blood glucose, serum electrolytes, liver and kidney function, serum osmolarity, blood ammonia, serum protein, pH, hematocrit, WBC and urinary glucose. When Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% is combined with electrolytes, care should be used in administering this solution to patients with congestive heart failure, renal failure, edema, adrenal hyperactivity, acid-base imbalance and those receiving diuretics or antihypertensive therapy. Total volume infused should be closely monitored. Serum electrolytes should be monitored daily in these patients.

C. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Studies with Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential, mutagenic potential, or effects on fertility.

D. Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%. It is also not known whether Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

E. Nursing Mothers

Caution should be exercised when Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% is administered to a nursing woman.

F. Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% Amino Acids Injection in pediatric patients have not been established by adequate and well-controlled studies. However, the use of amino acids injections in pediatric patients as an adjunct in the offsetting of nitrogen loss or in the treatment of negative nitrogen balance is referenced in the medical literature.

G. Special Precautions for Central Infusion

TPN delivered by indwelling catheter through a central or large peripheral vein is a special technique requiring a team effort by physician, nurse and pharmacist. The responsibility for administering this therapy should be confined to those trained in the procedures and alert to signs of complications. Complications known to occur from the placement of central venous catheter are pneumothorax, hemothorax, hydrothorax, artery puncture and transection, injury to the brachial plexus, malposition of the catheter, formation of arteriovenous fistula, phlebitis, thrombosis, and air/catheter emboli. The risk of sepsis is present during intravenous therapy, especially when using central venous catheters for prolonged periods. It is imperative that the preparation of admixtures and the placement and care of the catheters be accomplished under controlled aseptic conditions.

H. Admixtures

Admixtures should be prepared under a laminar flow hood using aseptic technique.

Admixtures should be stored under refrigeration and must be administered within 24 hours after removal from refrigerator.

Filters of less than 1.2 micron pore size must not be used with admixtures containing fat emulsion.

I. Do not administer unless solution is clear and the seal is intact.

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT A CAREFULLY PREPARED PROTOCOL, BASED ON CURRENT MEDICAL PRACTICES, BE FOLLOWED, PREFERABLY BY AN EXPERIENCED TEAM.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

OVERDOSAGE

In the event of overhydration or solute overload, re-evaluatethe patient and institute appropriate corrective measures. See WARNINGS andPRECAUTIONS.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The appropriate daily dose of amino acids to be used withdextrose or with dextrose and intravenous fat emulsion will depend upon themetabolic status and clinical response of the patient as therapy proceeds. Doses which achieve nitrogen equilibrium or positive balance are the mostdesirable. The dosage on the first day should be approximately half the anticipatedoptimal dosage and should be increased gradually to minimize glycosuria; similarly,withdrawal should be accomplished gradually to avoid rebound hypoglycemia.

Fatemulsion coadministration should be considered when prolonged (more than 5days) parenteral nutrition is required in order to prevent essential fattyacid deficiency (EFAD). Serum lipids should be monitored for evidence of EFADin patients maintained on fat free TPN.

The amount administeredis dosed on the basis of amino acids/kg of body weight/day. In general, twoto three g/kg of body weight for neonates and infants with adequate caloriesare sufficient to satisfy protein needs and promote positive nitrogen balance. In pediatric patients, the final solution should not exceed twice normal serumosmolarity (718 mOsmol/L).

DIRECTIONSFOR PROPER USE OF PHARMACY BULK PACKAGE

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%in a Pharmacy Bulk Package is not intended for direct infusion. The containerclosure may be penetrated only once using a suitable sterile transfer deviceor dispensing set which allows measured dispensing of the contents. The PharmacyBulk Package is to be used only in a suitable work area such as a laminarflow hood (or an equivalent clean air compounding area). Once the closureis penetrated, the contents should be dispensed as soon as possible; the transferof contents must be completed within 4 hours of closure entry. The bottlemay be stored at room temperature (25°C) after the closure has been entered. Date and time of container entry should be noted in the area designated onthe container label.

When using Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%in patients with a need for fluid volume restriction, it can be diluted asfollows:

This will provide 1395 kilocalories (kcal) per 1000 mLof admixture with a ratio of 118 non-protein calories per gram of nitrogenand an osmolarity of 1561 mOsmol/L.

In patients wherethe need for fluid restriction is not so marked, either of the following regimensmay be used dependent upon the energy needs of the patient.

This will provide 1500 kcal per 1000 mL of admixture witha ratio of 228 non-protein calories per gram of nitrogen and an osmolarityof 1633 mOsmol/L.

This will provide 935 kcal per 1000 mL of admixture witha ratio of 158 non-protein calories per gram of nitrogen and an osmolarityof 1128.5 mOsmol/L.

A. Total Parenteral Nutrition (CentralInfusion)

In unstressed adult patients with no unusualnitrogen losses, a minimum dosage of 0.1 gram nitrogen (4.2 mL of Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%)plus 4.4 grams (15 calories) of dextrose per kilogram of body weight per dayare required to achieve nitrogen balance and weight stability. Intravenousfat emulsion may be used as a partial substitute for dextrose. This regimenprovides a ratio of 150 non-protein calories per gram of nitrogen.

Forpatients stressed by surgery, trauma or sepsis, and those with unusual nitrogenlosses, the dosage required for maintenance may be as high as 0.3 to 0.4 gramsof nitrogen (13 to 17 mL Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%) per kilogram of bodyweight per day, with proportionate increases in non-protein calories. Periodicassessment of nitrogen balance of the individual patient is the best indicatorof proper dosage. Volume overload and glycosuria may be encountered at highdosage, and nitrogen balance may not be achieved in extremely hypermetabolicpatients under these constraints. Concomitant insulin administration may berequired to minimize glycosuria. Daily laboratory monitoring is essential.

Useof an infusion pump is advisable to maintain a steady infusion rate duringcentral venous infusion.

B. Peripheral Nutrition

Inpatients for whom central venous catheterization is not advisable, proteincatabolism can be reduced by peripheral use of diluted Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%plus non-protein calorie sources. Dilution of 250 mL Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15%in 750 mL of 10% dextrose will reduce the osmolarity to a level (724 mOsmol/L)which is more favorable to the maintenance of the integrity of the walls ofthe veins. Intravenous fat emulsion can be infused separately or simultaneously;if infused simultaneously the fat emulsion will provide a dilution effectupon the osmolarity while increasing the energy supply.

Parenteraldrug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discolorationprior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

Toreduce the risk of bacterial contamination, all intravenous administrationsets should be replaced at least every 24 hours. Usage of admixtures mustbe initiated within 24 hours after mixing. If storage is necessary duringthis 24 hour period, admixtures must be refrigerated and completely used within24 hours of beginning administration.

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold (Lysine)^® 15% Amino Acids Injection is suppliedas a Pharmacy Bulk Package in 500 mL containers.

500mL NDC 0409-0468-05

STORAGE

Store inthe closed carton; do not expose solution to light until ready for use. Exposureof pharmaceutical products to heat should be minimized. Avoid excessive heat. It is recommended that the product be stored at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F). Brief exposure to temperatures above25°C during transport and storage will not adversely affect the product. Solution that has been frozen must not be used.

Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA

RL-1450

Manganese:

• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug abuse and dependence
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Rl-0104
• Multivite Gold (Manganese) reviews

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Manganese) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

Administration helps to maintain Multivite Gold (Manganese) serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

None known.

WARNINGS

Direct intramuscular or intravenous injection of Multivite Gold (Manganese) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) is contraindicated as the acidic pH of the solution (pH 2.0) may cause considerable tissue irritation.

Liver and/or biliary tract dysfunction may require omission or reduction of copper and Multivite Gold (Manganese) doses because these elements are primarily eliminated in the bile.

WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Do not use unless solution is clear and seal is intact.

Multivite Gold 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) should only be used in conjunction with a pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in a laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in a single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.

Laboratory Tests

Serum Multivite Gold (Manganese) levels can be measured periodically at the discretion of the investigator. Because of the low serum concentration normally present, samples will usually be analyzed by a reference laboratory.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility

Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Multivite Gold 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) have not been performed, nor have studies been done to assess mutagenesis or impairment of fertility.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Multivite Gold (Manganese) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) additive is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Pregnancy Category C.

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Multivite Gold (Manganese) chloride. It is also not known whether Multivite Gold (Manganese) chloride can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capacity. Multivite Gold (Manganese) chloride should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly indicated.

Geriatric Use

An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

None known.

DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

None known.

OVERDOSAGE

Multivite Gold (Manganese) toxicity in TPN patients has not been reported.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Multivite Gold (Manganese) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) contains 0.1 mg manganese/mL and is administered intravenously only after dilution. The additive should be administered in a volume of fluid not less than 100 mL. For the adult receiving TPN, the suggested additive dosage for Multivite Gold (Manganese) is 0.15 to 0.8 mg/day (1.5 to 8 mL/day). For pediatric patients, a dosage of 2 to 10 mcg manganese/kg/day (0.02 to 0.1 mL/kg/day) is recommended.

Periodic monitoring of Multivite Gold (Manganese) plasma levels is suggested as a guideline for subsequent administration.

Parenteral products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. (See PRECAUTIONS .)

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold (Manganese) 0.1 mg/mL (Manganese Chloride Injection, USP) is supplied in 10 mL Plastic Vials (NDC No. 0409-4091-01).

Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F)

Revised: November, 2009

Printed in USA EN-2320

Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA

RL-0104

Potassium:

• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Multivite Gold (Potassium) reviews

Multivite Gold (Potassium) CHLORIDE EXTENDED RELEASE TABLETS USP 20 mEq K

Rx Only

DESCRIPTION

The Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq product is an immediately dispersing extended release oral dosage form of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride containing 1500 mg of microencapsulated Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride, USP equivalent to 20 mEq of Multivite Gold (Potassium) in a tablet.

These formulations are intended to slow the release of Multivite Gold (Potassium) so that the likelihood of a high localized concentration of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride within the gastrointestinal tract is reduced.

Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is an electrolyte replenisher. The chemical name of the active ingredient is Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride, and the structural formula is KCl. Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride, USP occurs as a white, granular powder or as colorless crystals. It is odorless and has a saline taste. Its solutions are neutral to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.

Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is a tablet formulation (not enteric coated or wax matrix) containing individually microencapsulated Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride crystals which disperse upon tablet disintegration. In simulated gastric fluid at 37°C and in the absence of outside agitation, Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq begin disintegrating into microencapsulated crystals within seconds and completely disintegrates within 1 minute. The microencapsulated crystals are formulated to provide an extended release of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride.

Inactive Ingredients: Colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, diethyl phthalate, ethyl-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

The Multivite Gold (Potassium) ion is the principal intracellular cation of most body tissues. Multivite Gold (Potassium) ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intracellular tonicity; the transmission of nerve impulses; the contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; and the maintenance of normal renal function.

The intracellular concentration of Multivite Gold (Potassium) is approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5 to 5 mEq per liter. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane.

Multivite Gold (Potassium) is a normal dietary constituent and under steady-state conditions the amount of Multivite Gold (Potassium) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. The usual dietary intake of Multivite Gold (Potassium) is 50 to 100 mEq per day.

Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion will occur whenever the rate of Multivite Gold (Potassium) loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of Multivite Gold (Potassium) intake. Such depletion usually develops as a consequence of therapy with diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or inadequate replacement of Multivite Gold (Potassium) in patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. Depletion can develop rapidly with severe diarrhea, especially if associated with vomiting. Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion may produce weakness, fatigue, disturbances or cardiac rhythm (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram, and in advanced cases, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine.

If Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis cannot be managed by correcting the fundamental cause of the deficiency, eg, where the patient requires long-term diuretic therapy, supplemental Multivite Gold (Potassium) in the form of high Multivite Gold (Potassium) food or Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride may be able to restore normal Multivite Gold (Potassium) levels.

In rare circumstances (eg, patients with renal tubular acidosis) Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion may be associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. In such patients Multivite Gold (Potassium) replacement should be accomplished with Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts other than the chloride, such as Multivite Gold (Potassium) bicarbonate, Multivite Gold (Potassium) citrate, Multivite Gold (Potassium) acetate, or Multivite Gold (Potassium) gluconate.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

BECAUSE OF REPORTS OF INTESTINAL AND GASTRIC ULCERATION AND BLEEDING WITH CONTROLLED-RELEASE Multivite Gold (Potassium) CHLORIDE PREPARATIONS, THESE DRUGS SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THOSE PATIENTS WHO CANNOT TOLERATE OR REFUSE TO TAKE LIQUID OR EFFERVESCENT Multivite Gold (Potassium) PREPARATIONS OR FOR PATIENTS IN WHOM THERE IS A PROBLEM OF COMPLIANCE WITH THESE PREPARATIONS.

1. For the treatment of patients with hypokalemia with or without metabolic alkalosis, in digitalis intoxication, and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. If hypokalemia is the result of diuretic therapy, consideration should be given to the use of a lower dose of diuretic, which may be sufficient without leading to hypokalemia.

2. For the prevention of hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop, eg, digitalized patients or patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias.

The use of Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern and when low doses of the diuretic are used. Serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) should be checked periodically, however, and if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases. In more severe cases, and if dose adjustment of the diuretic is ineffective or unwarranted, supplementation with Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts may be indicated.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Multivite Gold (Potassium) supplements are contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia since a further increase in serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) concentration in such patients can produce cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia may complicate any of the following conditions: chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis, such as diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive tissue breakdown as in severe burns, adrenal insufficiency, or the administration of a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride) (see OVERDOSAGE ).

Controlled-release formulations of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride have produced esophageal ulceration in certain cardiac patients with esophageal compression due to enlarged left atrium. Multivite Gold (Potassium) supplementation, when indicated in such patients, should be given as a liquid preparation or as an aqueous (water) suspension of Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients , and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections).

All solid oral dosage forms of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride are contraindicated in any patient in whom there is structural, pathological (eg, diabetic gastroparesis), or pharmacologic (use of anticholinergic agents or other agents with anticholinergic properties at sufficient doses to exert anticholinergic effects) cause for arrest or delay in tablet passage through the gastrointestinal tract.

WARNINGS

Hyperkalemia (see OVERDOSAGE )

In patients with impaired mechanisms for excreting Multivite Gold (Potassium), the administration of Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts can produce hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. This occurs most commonly in patients given Multivite Gold (Potassium) by the intravenous route but may also occur in patients given Multivite Gold (Potassium) orally. Potentially fatal hyperkalemia can develop rapidly and be asymptomatic. The use of Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts in patients with chronic renal disease, or any other condition which impairs Multivite Gold (Potassium) excretion, requires particularly careful monitoring of the serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) concentration and appropriate dosage adjustment.

Interaction with Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Hypokalemia should not be treated by the concomitant administration of Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts and a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride) since the simultaneous administration of these agents can produce severe hyperkalemia.

Interaction with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, captopril, enalapril) will produce some Multivite Gold (Potassium) retention by inhibiting aldosterone production. Multivite Gold (Potassium) supplements should be given to patients receiving ACE inhibitors only with close monitoring.

Gastrointestinal Lesions

Solid oral dosage forms of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride can produce ulcerative and/or stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on spontaneous adverse reaction reports, enteric-coated preparations of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride are associated with an increased frequency of small bowel lesions (40-50 per 100,000 patient years) compared to sustained release wax matrix formulations (less than one per 100,000 patient years). Because of the lack of extensive marketing experience with microencapsulated products, a comparison between such products and wax matrix or enteric-coated products is not available. Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is a tablet formulated to provide a controlled rate of release of microencapsulated Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride and thus to minimize the possibility of a high local concentration of Multivite Gold (Potassium) near the gastrointestinal wall.

Prospective trials have been conducted in normal human volunteers in which the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by endoscopic inspection before and after 1 week of solid oral Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride therapy. The ability of this model to predict events occurring in usual clinical practice is unknown. Trials which approximated usual clinical practice did not reveal any clear differences between the wax matrix and microencapsulated dosage forms. In contrast, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in subjects receiving a high dose of a wax matrix controlled-release formulation under conditions which did not resemble usual or recommended clinical practice (ie, 96 mEq per day in divided doses of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride administered to fasted patients, in the presence of an anticholinergic drug to delay gastric emptying). The upper gastrointestinal lesions observed by endoscopy were asymptomatic and were not accompanied by evidence of bleeding (Hemoccult testing). The relevance of these findings to the usual conditions (ie, non-fasting, no anticholinergic agent, smaller doses) under which controlled-release Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride products are used is uncertain; epidemiologic studies have not identified an elevated risk, compared to microencapsulated products, for upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients receiving wax matrix formulations. Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq should be discontinued immediately and the possibility of ulceration, obstruction, or perforation should be considered if severe vomiting, abdominal pain, distention, or gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.

Metabolic Acidosis

Hypokalemia in patients with metabolic acidosis should be treated with an alkalinizing Multivite Gold (Potassium) salt such as Multivite Gold (Potassium) bicarbonate, Multivite Gold (Potassium) citrate, Multivite Gold (Potassium) acetate, or Multivite Gold (Potassium) gluconate.

PRECAUTIONS

General

The diagnosis of Multivite Gold depletion is ordinarily made by demonstrating hypokalemia in a patient with a clinical history suggesting some cause for Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion. In interpreting the serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) level, the physician should bear in mind that acute alkalosis per se can produce hypokalemia in the absence of a deficit in total body Multivite Gold (Potassium) while acute acidosis per se can increase the serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) concentration into the normal range even in the presence of a reduced total body Multivite Gold (Potassium). The treatment of Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion, particularly in the presence of cardiac disease, renal disease, or acidosis requires careful attention to acid-base balance and appropriate monitoring of serum electrolytes, the electrocardiogram, and the clinical status of the patient.

Information for Patients

Physicians should consider reminding the patient of the following: To take each dose with meals and with a full glass of water or other liquid. To take each dose without crushing, chewing, or sucking the tablets. If those patients are having difficulty swallowing whole tablets, they may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:

• Break the tablet in half, and take each half separately with a glass of water.
• Prepare an aqueous (water) suspension as follows:
  

  1. Place the whole tablet(s) in approximately 1/2 glass of water (4 fluid ounces).
  

  2. Allow approximately 2 minutes for the tablet(s) to disintegrate.
  

  3. Stir for about half a minute after the tablet(s) has disintegrated.
  

  4. Swirl the suspension and consume the entire contents of the glass immediately by drinking or by the use of a straw.
  

  5. Add another 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.
  

  6. Then, add an additional 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.

Aqueous suspension of Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is not recommended.

To take this medicine following the frequency and amount prescribed by the physician. This is especially important if the patient is also taking diuretics and/or digitalis preparations.

To check with the physician at once if tarry stools or other evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding is noticed.

Laboratory Tests

When blood is drawn for analysis of plasma Multivite Gold it is important to recognize that artifactual elevations can occur after improper venipuncture technique or as a result of in vitro hemolysis of the sample.

Drug Interactions

Potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (see WARNINGS ).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies in animals have not been performed. Multivite Gold is a normal dietary constituent.

Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq. It is unlikely that Multivite Gold (Potassium) supplementation that does not lead to hyperkalemia would have an adverse effect on the fetus or would affect reproductive capacity.

Nursing Mothers

The normal Multivite Gold ion content of human milk is about 13 mEq per liter. Since oral Multivite Gold (Potassium) becomes part of the body Multivite Gold (Potassium) pool, so long as body Multivite Gold (Potassium) is not excessive, the contribution of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride supplementation should have little or no effect on the level in human milk.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection; and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

One of the most severe adverse effects is hyperkalemia (see CONTRAINDICATIONS , WARNINGS , and OVERDOSAGE ). There have also been reports of upper and lower gastrointestinal conditions including obstruction, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). The most common adverse reactions to oral Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort, and diarrhea. These symptoms are due to irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and are best managed by diluting the preparation further, taking the dose with meals or reducing the amount taken at one time.

OVERDOSAGE

The administration of oral Multivite Gold (Potassium) salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for Multivite Gold (Potassium) rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired or if Multivite Gold (Potassium) is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-waves, depression of S-T segment, and prolongation of the QT-interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L).

Treatment measures for hyperkalemia include the following:

• Patients should be closely monitored for arrhythmias and electrolyte changes.
• Elimination of foods and medications containing Multivite Gold (Potassium) and of any agents with potassium-sparing properties such as potassium-sparing diuretics, ARBS, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, certain nutritional supplements and many others.
• Intravenous calcium gluconate if the patient is at no risk of developing digitalis toxicity.
• Intravenous administration of 300 to 500 mL/hr of 10% dextrose solution containing 10-20 units of crystalline insulin per 1,000 mL.
• Correction of acidosis, if present, with intravenous sodium bicarbonate.
• Use of exchange resins, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis.

In treating hyperkalemia, it should be recalled that in patients who have been stabilized on digitalis, too rapid a lowering of the serum Multivite Gold (Potassium) concentration can produce digitalis toxicity.

The extended release feature means that absorption and toxic effects may be delayed for hours.

Consider standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The usual dietary intake of Multivite Gold (Potassium) by the average adult is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion sufficient to cause hypokalemia usually requires the loss of 200 or more mEq of Multivite Gold (Potassium) from the total body store.

Dosage must be adjusted to the individual needs of each patient. The dose for the prevention of hypokalemia is typically in the range of 20 mEq per day. Doses of 40-100 mEq per day or more are used for the treatment of Multivite Gold (Potassium) depletion. Dosage should be divided if more than 20 mEq per day is given such that no more than 20 mEq is given in a single dose.

Each Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablet USP, 20 mEq provides 20 mEq of Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride.

Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq should be taken with meals and with a glass of water or other liquid. This product should not be taken on an empty stomach because of its potential for gastric irritation (see WARNINGS ).

Patients having difficulty swallowing whole tablets may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:

• Break the tablet in half, and take each half separately with a glass of water.
• Prepare an aqueous (water) suspension as follows:
  • Place the whole tablet(s) in approximately 1/2 glass of water (4 fluid ounces).
  • Allow approximately 2 minutes for the tablet(s) to disintegrate.
  • Stir for about half a minute after the tablet(s) has disintegrated.
  • Swirl the suspension and consume the entire contents of the glass immediately by drinking or by the use of a straw.
  • Add another 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.
  • Then, add an additional 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.

Aqueous suspension of Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is not recommended.

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold (Potassium) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq are available in bottles of 100 (NDC 62037-999-01), bottles of 500 (NDC 62037-999-05), and bottles of 1000 (NDC 62037-999-10). Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq are capsule shaped, white to off-white tablets, with “ABRS-123” imprinted on one side and scored on the other side for flexibility of dosing.

Storage Conditions

Keep tightly closed. Store at controlled room temperature, 20°-25°C (68°-77°F).

Manufactured by:

Eurand, Inc.

Vandalia, OH 45377 USA

Distributed by:

Watson Pharma, Inc.

Rev. Date (01/09) 173714

Multivite Gold (Potassium) chloride 20 Meq

Protein:

• Indications and usage
• Dosage and administration
• Dosage forms and strengths
• Contraindications
• Warnings and precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Use in specific populations
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Nonclinical toxicology
• Clinical studies
• How supplied/storage and handling
• Multivite Gold (Protein) reviews

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold is indicated for pediatric and adult patients with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency for the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis and purpura fulminans. (1.1)

1.1 Severe Congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C Deficiency

Multivite Gold (Protein) is indicated for pediatric and adult patients with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency for the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis and purpura fulminans.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Initiate treatment under the supervision of a physician experienced in using coagulation factors/inhibitors where monitoring of Multivite Gold C activity is feasible. (2.1)

Store at 2°C – 8°C (36°F-46°F) and protect from light. Avoid freezing. Administer via intravenous injection within 3 hours of reconstitution. (16)

2.1 General

For intravenous administration only.

Initiate treatment with Multivite Gold (Protein) under the supervision of a physician experienced in replacement therapy with coagulation factors/inhibitors where monitoring of Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity is feasible.

The dose, administration frequency and duration of treatment with Multivite Gold (Protein) depends on the severity of the Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency, the patient's age, the clinical condition of the patient and the patient's plasma level of Multivite Gold (Protein) C. Therefore, adjust the dose regimen according to the pharmacokinetic profile for each individual patient. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Multivite Gold (Protein) C Activity Monitoring (2.2).

Table 1 provides the Multivite Gold (Protein) dosing schedule for acute episodes, short-term prophylaxis and long-term prophylaxis.

An initial dose of 100-120 IU/kg for determination of recovery and half-life is recommended for acute episodes and short-term prophylaxis. Subsequently, adjust the dose to maintain a target peak Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity of 100 %. After resolution of the acute episode, continue the patient on the same dose to maintain trough Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity level above 25% for the duration of treatment.

In patients receiving prophylactic administration of Multivite Gold (Protein), higher peak Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity levels may be warranted in situations of an increased risk of thrombosis (such as infection, trauma, or surgical intervention). Maintenance of trough Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity levels above 25% is recommended.

These dosing guidelines are also recommended for neonatal and pediatric patients. See USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS: Pediatric Use (8.4 ) and CLINICAL

Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics (12.3).

2.2 Multivite Gold C Activity Monitoring

The measurement of Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity using a chromogenic assay is recommended for the determination of the patient's plasma level of Multivite Gold (Protein) C before and during treatment with Multivite Gold (Protein). The half-life of Multivite Gold (Protein) may be shortened in certain clinical conditions such as acute thrombosis, purpura fulminans and skin necrosis. See CLINICAL

Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics (12.3). In the case of an acute thrombotic event, it is recommended that Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity measurements be performed immediately before the next injection until the patient is stabilized. After the patient is stabilized, continue monitoring the Multivite Gold (Protein) C levels to maintain the trough Multivite Gold (Protein) C level above 25%.

Patients treated during the acute phase of their disease may display much lower increases in protein C activity. Coagulation parameters should also be checked; however, in clinical trials data were insufficient to establish correlation between Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity levels and coagulation parameters.

2.3 Initiation of Vitamin K Antagonists

In patients starting treatment with oral anticoagulants belonging to the class of vitamin K antagonists, a transient hypercoagulable state may arise before the desired anticoagulant effect becomes apparent. This transient effect may be explained by the fact that Multivite Gold C, itself a vitamin K-dependent plasma Multivite Gold (Protein), has a shorter half-life than most of the vitamin K-dependent proteins (i.e. Factor II, IX and X).

In the initial phase of treatment, the activity of Multivite Gold (Protein) C is more rapidly suppressed than that of the procoagulant factors. For this reason, if the patient is switched to oral anticoagulants, protein C replacement must be continued until stable anticoagulation is obtained. Although warfarin-induced skin necrosis can occur in any patient during the initiation of treatment with oral anticoagulant therapy, individuals with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency are particularly at risk.

During the initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy, it is advisable to start with a low dose of the anticoagulant and adjust this incrementally, rather than use a standard loading dose of the anticoagulant.

2.4 Preparation of Multivite Gold (Protein) [Protein C Concentrate (Human)]

Reconstitution: Use Aseptic Technique

• Bring the Multivite Gold (Protein) (powder) and Sterile Water for Injection, USP (diluent) to room temperature.
• Remove caps from the Multivite Gold (Protein) and diluent vials.
• Cleanse stoppers with germicidal solution, and allow them to dry prior to use.
• Remove protective covering from one end of the double-ended transfer needle and insert exposed needle through the center of the diluent vial stopper.
• Remove protective covering from the other end of the double-ended transfer needle. Invert diluent vial over the upright Multivite Gold (Protein) vial; then rapidly insert the free end of the needle through the Multivite Gold (Protein) vial stopper at its center. The vacuum in the vial will draw in the diluent. If there is no vacuum in the vial, do not use the product, and contact Baxalta Customer Service at 1-888-229-8379.
• Disconnect the two vials by removing the needle from the diluent vial stopper. Then, remove the transfer needle from the Multivite Gold (Protein) vial. Gently swirl the vial until all powder is dissolved. Be sure that Multivite Gold (Protein) is completely dissolved; otherwise, active materials will be removed by the filter needle.

2.5 Administration of Multivite Gold [Protein C Concentrate (Human)]

Administration: Use Aseptic Technique

Visually inspect Multivite Gold (Protein) for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.

After reconstitution, the solution should be colorless to slightly yellowish and clear to slightly opalescent and free of visible particles. Do not use the solution if it does not meet this criteria. Administer Multivite Gold (Protein) at room temperature not more than 3 hours after reconstitution.

• Attach the filter needle to a sterile, disposable syringe and draw back the plunger to admit air into the syringe.
• Insert the filter needle into the vial of reconstituted Multivite Gold (Protein).
• Inject air into the vial and then withdraw the reconstituted Multivite Gold (Protein) into the syringe.
• Remove and discard the filter needle in a hard-walled Sharps container for proper disposal. Filter needles are intended to filter the contents of a single vial of Multivite Gold (Protein) only.
• Attach a suitable needle or infusion set with winged adapter, and inject intravenously as instructed below under Administration by infusion.

Record the name and batch number of the product every time Multivite Gold (Protein) is administered to a patient.

Administration by Infusion

Administer Multivite Gold (Protein) at a maximum injection rate of 2 mL per minute except for children with a body weight of < 10 kg, where the injection rate should not exceed a rate of 0.2 mL/kg/minute.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Multivite Gold (Protein) is available in single-dose vials that contain nominally 500 (blue color bar) or 1000 (green color bar) International Units (IU) human Multivite Gold (Protein) C and is reconstituted with 5 mL and 10 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, respectively to provide a single dose of human Multivite Gold (Protein) C at a concentration of 100 IU/mL.

Multivite Gold (Protein), when reconstituted with the appropriate volume of diluent, contains the following excipients: 8 mg/mL human albumin, 4.4 mg/mL trisodium citrate dihydrate and 8.8 mg/mL sodium chloride.

BLUE BAR: Approximately 500 IU/vial (3)

GREEN BAR: Approximately 1000 IU/vial (3)

Each single-dose vial contains the following excipients: 8 mg/mL human albumin, 4.4 mg/mL trisodium citrate dihydrate and 8.8 mg/mL sodium chloride when reconstituted with the appropriate amount of diluent. (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

None known.

None known. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

• Discontinue administration if symptoms of hypersensitivity/allergic reactions occur.
• Made from pooled human plasma. The possibility of transmitting infectious agents cannot be ruled out. (5.2, 11)
• Simultaneous administration with tPA and/or anticoagulants may increase risk of bleeding. (5.3)
• Contains heparin. If heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is suspected, check platelet counts immediately and discontinue administration. (5.4)
• Contains sodium >200 mg. Inform patients on a low sodium diet and/or patients with renal impairment. (5.5)

5.1 Hypersensitivity/Allergic Reactions

Multivite Gold (Protein) may contain traces of mouse Multivite Gold (Protein) and/or heparin as a result of the manufacturing process. Allergic reactions to mouse Multivite Gold (Protein) and/or heparin cannot be ruled out. If symptoms of hypersensitivity/allergic reaction occur, discontinue the injection/infusion. In case of anaphylactic shock, the current medical standards for treatment are to be observed.

5.2 Transmission of Infectious Agents

Because Multivite Gold is made from human plasma, it may carry a risk of transmitting infectious agents, e.g., viruses, and theoretically, the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) agent.

ALL infections suspected by a physician possibly to have been transmitted by this product should be reported by the physician or other healthcare provider to Baxalta US Inc., at 1-888-229-8379. Discuss the risks and benefits of this product with your patient.

5.3 Bleeding Episodes

Several bleeding episodes have been observed in clinical studies. Concurrent anticoagulant medication may have been responsible for these bleeding episodes. However, it cannot be completely ruled out that the administration of Multivite Gold (Protein) further contributed to these bleeding events.

Simultaneous administration of Multivite Gold (Protein) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may further increase the risk of bleeding from tPA.

5.4 Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia

Multivite Gold (Protein) contains trace amounts of heparin which may lead to Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia, which can be associated with a rapid decrease of the number of thrombocytes. Identifying HIT is complicated because these symptoms may already be present in acute phase patients with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency. Determine the platelet count immediately and consider discontinuation of Multivite Gold (Protein).

5.5 Low Sodium Diet/Renal Impairment

Inform patients on a low sodium diet that the quantity of sodium in the maximum daily dose of Multivite Gold (Protein) exceeds 200 mg. Monitor patients with renal impairment closely for sodium overload.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The common adverse reactions related to Multivite Gold treatment observed were the following hypersensitivity or allergic reactions: lightheadedness and itching and rash.

• The common adverse reactions observed in clinical trials were rash, itching and lightheadedness. (2.1, 5.1, 6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Baxalta US Inc. at 1-800-999-1785 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or http://www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in one clinical study of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical studies of the same drug or another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The safety profile of Multivite Gold (Protein) was based on 121 patients from clinical studies and compassionate use in severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency. Duration of exposure ranged from 1 day to 8 years. One patient experienced hypersensitivity/allergic reactions (itching and rash) and lightheadedness which were determined by the investigator to be related to Multivite Gold (Protein).

No inhibiting antibodies to Multivite Gold (Protein) have been observed in clinical studies. However, the potential for developing antibodies cannot be ruled out.

6.2 Post-marketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Multivite Gold (Protein):

Psychiatric Disorders: Restlessness

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Hyperhydrosis

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Injection Site Reaction

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

No formal drug interaction studies have been conducted.

See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS: Bleeding Episodes (5.3) for information regarding simultaneous administration of Multivite Gold (Protein) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Initiation of Vitamin K Antagonists (2.3) for information regarding use of Multivite Gold (Protein) and vitamin K antagonists.

• None known. (7)

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

• Pregnancy: Not studied.
• Labor and Delivery: Not studied. (8.2)
• Nursing Mothers: Not studied. (8.3)
• Pediatric Use: Recommended for neonate and pediatric use. (2.1, 8.4, 12.3)
• Renal/Hepatic Impairment: Not studied. (8.6)

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Multivite Gold (Protein). It is also not known whether Multivite Gold (Protein) can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Multivite Gold (Protein) should be given to pregnant women only if clearly needed.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

Multivite Gold has not been studied for use during labor and delivery. Use only if clearly needed.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Multivite Gold (Protein) has not been studied for use in nursing mothers. Use Multivite Gold (Protein) only if clearly needed.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Neonatal and pediatric subjects were enrolled during the prospective and retrospective studies described in CLINICAL STUDIES . Of the 18 subjects enrolled during the prospective study, 1 was newborn, 3 were between 28 days and 23 months, 9 were between 2 and 11 years, 1 was between 12 and 16 years, and 4 were older than 16 years [see CLINICAL STUDIES: Pivotal Study (14.1)]. Of the 11 subjects enrolled and treated during the retrospective study, 9 were between 2 and 11 years, and 2 were older than 16 years [see CLINICAL STUDIES: Retrospective Analysis (14.2)].

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Multivite Gold (Protein) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.

8.6 Renal/Hepatic Impairment

No experience in the treatment of patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment is available.

11 DESCRIPTION

Multivite Gold (Protein) [Protein C Concentrate (Human)] is manufactured from human plasma purified by a combination of filtration and chromatographic procedures, including a column of immobilized mouse monoclonal antibodies on gel beads. See WARNINGS/PRECAUTIONS: Transmission of Infectious Agents (5.2).

The manufacturing process for Multivite Gold (Protein) includes processing steps designed to reduce the risk of viral transmission. The capacity of the manufacturing process to remove and/or inactivate enveloped and non-enveloped viruses has been validated by laboratory spiking studies on a scaled down process model, using the following enveloped and non-enveloped viruses: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV ), Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV), Pseudorabies Virus (PRV), Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Mice Minute Virus (MMV). Virus reduction steps consist of detergent treatment (Polysorbate 80, P80), heat inactivation (Vapor Heating) and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAX).

Virus clearance studies for Multivite Gold (Protein) have demonstrated that the process provides for a robust overall virus clearance capacity. A summary of log₁₀ virus reduction factors per virus and manufacturing step is presented in Table 2.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of action

Multivite Gold C is the precursor of a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant glycoprotein (serine protease) that is synthesized in the liver. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Initiation of Vitamin K Antagonists (2.3). It is converted by the thrombin/thrombomodulin-complex on the endothelial cell surface to activated Multivite Gold (Protein) C (APC). APC is a serine protease with potent anticoagulant effects, especially in the presence of its cofactor Multivite Gold (Protein) S. APC exerts its effect by the inactivation of the activated forms of factors V and VIII, which leads to a decrease in thrombin formation. APC has also been shown to have profibrinolytic effects.

The Multivite Gold (Protein) C pathway provides a natural mechanism for control of the coagulation system and prevention of excessive procoagulant responses to activating stimuli. A complete absence of Multivite Gold (Protein) C is not compatible with life. A severe deficiency of this anticoagulant Multivite Gold (Protein) causes a defect in the control mechanism and leads to unchecked coagulation activation, resulting in thrombin generation and intravascular clot formation with thrombosis.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

In clinical studies, the intravenous administration of Multivite Gold (Protein) demonstrated a temporary increase, within approximately half an hour of administration, in plasma levels of APC. Replacement of protein C in protein C-deficient patients is expected to control or, if given prophylactically, to prevent thrombotic complications.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Table 3 provides pharmacokinetic results for asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects with Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency.

The Multivite Gold (Protein) C plasma activity was measured by chromogenic and/or clotting assay. The maximum plasma concentrations (C_max) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) appeared to increase dose-linearly between 40 and 80 IU/kg. The median incremental recovery was 1.42 [(IU/dL)/(IU/kg)] after intravenous administration of Multivite Gold (Protein). The median half-lives, based on non-compartmental method, ranged from 4.9 to 14.7 hours, with a median of 9.8 hours. In patients with acute thrombosis, both the increase in protein C plasma levels as well as half-life may be considerably reduced. No formal study or analysis has been performed to evaluate the effect of covariates such as race and gender on the pharmacokinetics of Multivite Gold (Protein).

The pharmacokinetic profile in pediatric patients has not been formally assessed. Limited data suggest that the pharmacokinetics of Multivite Gold (Protein) may be different between very young children and adults. The systemic exposure (C_max and AUC) may be considerably reduced due to a faster clearance, a larger volume of distribution, and/or a shorter half-life of Multivite Gold (Protein) C in very young children than in older subjects. Consider this fact when a dosing regimen for children is determined. Doses should be individualized based upon Multivite Gold (Protein) C activity levels. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Multivite Gold (Protein) C Activity Monitoring (2.2).

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility

Protein C contained in Multivite Gold is a normal constituent of human plasma and acts like endogenous protein C. Studies in heterologous species to evaluate carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicology and developmental toxicology have not been performed.

Multivite Gold (Protein) has not demonstrated mutagenic potential in the Salmonella Thyphimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames test).

13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

Safety

Pharmacology:

Cardio-respiratory studies performed in dogs evaluating mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, QT interval changes, pulmonary artery pressure, respiratory rate and respiratory minute volume demonstrated no adverse effects at a maximum dose of 500 IU/kg. Anaphylactoid reactions as determined by measurement of bronchospastic activity in guinea pigs demonstrated no adverse effects at the maximum dose of 300 IU/kg. Thrombogenic potential was evaluated in rabbits using the Wessler stasis model and demonstrated no adverse effects at 200 IU/kg. Overall, safety pharmacology studies evaluating cardio-respiratory function, acute dose anaphylactoid potential and thrombogenicity demonstrated no adverse effects in a range of doses from 1.6 to 4.2 times the maximum single human dosage per kilogram body weight.

Acute Dose Toxicity:

Toxicity testing in rats and mice following single dosing of 2000 IU/kg or 1500 IU/kg, respectively, demonstrated no adverse clinical effects or gross pathology at 14 days post dosing.

Repeated Dose Toxicity:

Studies were not conducted to evaluate repeated-dose toxicity in animals. Prior experience with Multivite Gold (Protein) has suggested immunogenic response in heterologous species following repeated dosing of this human derived Multivite Gold (Protein). Thus, the long-term toxicity potential of Multivite Gold (Protein) following repeated dosing in animals is unknown.

Local Tolerance Testing:

Investigation of route of injection tolerance demonstrated that Multivite Gold (Protein) did not result in any local reactions after intravenous, intra-arterial injections of 500 IU/kg (5 mL) and paravenous injections of 100 IU/kg (1 mL) in rabbits.

Citrate Toxicity:

Multivite Gold (Protein) contains 4.4 mg of Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate (TCD) per mL of reconstituted product. Studies in mice evaluating 1000 IU vials reconstituted with 10 mL vehicle followed by dosing at 30 mL/kg (132 mg/kg TCD) and 60 mL/kg (264 mg/kg TCD) resulted in signs of citrate toxicity (dyspnea, slowed movement, hemoperitoneum, lung and thymus hemorrhage and renal pelvis dilation).

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Pivotal Study

This was a multi-center, open-label, non-randomized, phase 2/3 study in 3 parts which evaluated the safety and efficacy of Multivite Gold in subjects with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency for the (on-demand) treatment of acute thrombotic episodes, such as purpura fulminans (PF), warfarin-induced skin necrosis (WISN) and other thromboembolic events, and for short-term or long-term prophylaxis. Eighteen subjects (9 male and 9 female), ages ranging from 0 (newborn) to 25.7 years participated in this study.

The clinical endpoint of the study was to assess whether episodes of PF and/or other thromboembolic events were treated effectively, effectively with complications, or not treated effectively. Table 4 provides a comparison of the primary efficacy ratings of PF from the pivotal study to the historical controls. Inadequate data is available for treatment of WISN.

Of 18 episodes of PF (6 severe, 11 moderate, 1 mild) treated with Multivite Gold (Protein) for the primary efficacy rating, 17 (94.4%) were rated as effective, and 1 (5.6%) was rated as effective with complications; none (0%) were rated not effective. When compared with the efficacy ratings for 21 episodes of PF (historical control group), subjects with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency were more effectively treated with Multivite Gold (Protein) than those treated with modalities such as fresh frozen plasma or conventional anticoagulants.

Table 5 provides a summary of the secondary treatment ratings for treatment of skin lesions and other thrombotic episodes from part one of the study.

In a secondary efficacy rating, 13 (72.2%) of the 18 episodes of PF treated with Multivite Gold (Protein) were rated as excellent, 4 (22.2%) were rated as good, and 1 (5.6%) episode of severe PF was rated as fair; all were rated as effective. Four (80%) of the 5 episodes of venous thrombosis had treatment ratings of excellent, while 1 (20%) was rated as good.

Multivite Gold (Protein) was also demonstrated to be effective in reducing the size and number of skin lesions. Non-necrotic skin lesions healed over a maximum 12-day (median 4-day) period and necrotic skin lesions healed over a maximum 52-day (median 11-day) period of Multivite Gold (Protein) treatment, as shown in Table 6.

Changes in the extent of venous thrombus were also measured for the 5 thromboembolic episodes. Multivite Gold (Protein) prevented an increase in the extent of thrombus during 4 (80%) of the thromboembolic episodes by Day 3 of treatment, and 1 (20%) episode by Day 5 of treatment.

All seven of the short-term prophylaxis treatments with Multivite Gold (Protein) were free of complications of PF or thromboembolic events, as shown in Table 7.

No episodes of PF occurred in four subjects ranging from 42 to 338 days of long-term prophylactic treatment with Multivite Gold (Protein), as shown in Table 8. When not on prophylactic treatment and receiving Multivite Gold (Protein) on-demand, the same four subjects experienced a total of 13 (median of 3) episodes of PF over a range of 19 to 323 days. The time to first episode of PF after exiting from long-term prophylaxis treatment ranged from 12 to 32 days for these four subjects.

14.2 Retrospective Analysis

A retrospective study to capture dosing information and treatment outcome data in subjects with severe congenital Multivite Gold (Protein) C deficiency who were treated with Multivite Gold (Protein) under an emergency use IND was also conducted. Eleven subjects (6 male and 5 female), ages ranging from 2.1 to 23.8 years participated in this study.

There were 28 acute episodes of PF/WISN and vascular thrombus reported in which time to resolution ranged from 0 to 46 days. The treatment outcome for these episodes was rated effective in all cases except one.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Multivite Gold (Protein) is supplied as a sterile, white or cream colored, lyophilized powder for IV injection. It has a pH between 6.7 and 7.3 and an osmolality not lower than 240 mosmol/kg. One International Unit (IU) of Multivite Gold (Protein) C corresponds to the amidolytically measured activity of Multivite Gold (Protein) C in 1 mL of normal plasma. The potency (IU) is determined using a chromogenic substrate method referenced against the World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (86/622).

Multivite Gold (Protein) is available in single-dose vials that contain the following nominal product strengths:

NDC 0944-4177-05

Multivite Gold (Protein) C

Concentrate (Human)

Multivite Gold (Protein)

Single-dose Vial

Lyophilized Powder for Solution for Injection

Rx Only

Sterile – No preservative

Baxalta US Inc.

Westlake Village, CA 91362 USA

U.S. License No. 2020

NDC 0944-4176-01

Multivite Gold (Protein) C Concentrate

(Human)

Multivite Gold (Protein)

Single-dose Vial

Lyophilized Powder for Solution for Injection.

For Intravenous Administration Only.

See package insert. Rx only.

Baxalta US Inc.

Westlake Village, CA 91362 USA

U.S. Lic. No. 2020

5 mL

NDC 52919-003-08

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

for reconstitution of accompanying product

Do not use unless clear. No antimicrobial agent or other substance has been

added. Do not use for intravascular injection without making approximately

isotonic by addition of suitable solute. Discard unused portion. Rx Only

Single dose container

Nonpyrogenic

NDC 0944-4179-10

Multivite Gold (Protein) C

Concentrate (Human)

Multivite Gold (Protein)

Single-dose Vial

Lyophilized Powder for Solution for Injection

Rx Only

Sterile – No preservative

Baxalta US Inc.

Westlake Village, CA 91362 USA

U.S. License No. 2020

NDC 0944-4178-02

Multivite Gold (Protein) C Concentrate (Human)

Multivite Gold (Protein)

Single-dose Vial

Lyophilized Powder for Solution for

Injection.

For Intravenous Administration Only.

See package insert. Rx only.

10 mL

NDC 52919-005-05

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

for reconstitution of accompanying product

Do not use unless clear. No antimicrobial agent or other substance has been

added. Do not use for intravascular injection without making approximately

isotonic by addition of suitable solute. Discard unused portion. Rx Only

Single dose container

Nonpyrogenic

unit-carton-blue unit-carton-green

Selenium:

• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Multivite Gold (Selenium) reviews

Rx Only

TRACE ELEMENT ADDITIVE FOR IV USE AFTER DILUTION

DESCRIPTION

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for use as an additive to solutions for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).

Each mL contains Selenious Acid 65.4 mcg (equivalent to elemental Multivite Gold (Selenium) 40 mcg/mL) and Water for Injection q.s. pH may be adjusted with nitric acid to 1.8 to 2.4.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Multivite Gold (Selenium) is part of glutathione peroxidase which protects cell components from oxidative damage due to peroxides produced in cellular metabolism.

Prolonged TPN support in humans has resulted in Multivite Gold (Selenium) deficiency symptoms which include muscle pain and tenderness. The symptoms have been reported to respond to supplementation of TPN solutions with Multivite Gold (Selenium).

Pediatric conditions, Keshan disease, and Kwashiorkor, have been associated with low dietary intake of Multivite Gold (Selenium). The conditions are endemic to geographical areas with low Multivite Gold (Selenium) soil content. Dietary supplementation with Multivite Gold (Selenium) salts has been reported to reduce the incidence of the conditions among affected children.

Normal blood levels of Multivite Gold (Selenium) in different human populations have been found to vary and depend on the Multivite Gold (Selenium) content of the food consumed. Results of surveys carried out in some countries are tabulated below:

Plasma Multivite Gold (Selenium) levels of 0.3 and 0.9 mcg/100 mL have been reported to produce deficiency symptoms in humans.

Multivite Gold (Selenium) is eliminated primarily in urine. However, significant endogenous losses through feces also occur. The rate of excretion and the relative importance of two routes varies with the chemical form of Multivite Gold (Selenium) used in supplementation. Ancillary routes of elimination are lungs and skin.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Administration of Multivite Gold (Selenium) in TPN solutions helps to maintain plasma Multivite Gold (Selenium) levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection should not be given undiluted by direct injection into a peripheral vein because of the potential for infusion phlebitis.

WARNINGS

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection can be toxic if given in excessive amounts. Supplementation of TPN solution with Multivite Gold (Selenium) should be immediately discontinued if toxicity symptoms are observed. Frequent determination of plasma Multivite Gold (Selenium) levels during TPN support and close medical supervision is recommended.

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection is a hypotonic solution and should be administered in admixtures only.

This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

PRECAUTIONS

As Multivite Gold is eliminated in urine and feces, Multivite Gold (Selenium) supplements may be adjusted, reduced or omitted in renal dysfunction and/or gastrointestinal malfunction. In patients receiving blood transfusions, contribution from such transfusions should also be considered. Frequent Multivite Gold (Selenium) plasma level determinations are suggested as a guideline.

In animals, Multivite Gold (Selenium) has been reported to enhance the action of Vitamin E and decrease the toxicity of mercury, cadmium and arsenic.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category C: Multivite Gold (Selenium) at high dose levels (15-30 mcg/egg) has been reported to have adverse embryological effects among chickens. There are however, no adequate and wellcontrolled studies in pregnant women. Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection should be used during pregnancy only if potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Presence of Multivite Gold (Selenium) in placenta and umbilical cord blood has been reported in humans.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The amount of Multivite Gold (Selenium) present in Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection is small. Symptoms of toxicity from Multivite Gold (Selenium) are unlikely to occur at the recommended dosage level.

OVERDOSAGE

Chronic toxicity in humans resulting from exposure to Multivite Gold (Selenium) in industrial environments, intake of foods grown in seleniferous soils, use of selenium-contaminated water, and application of cosmetics containing Multivite Gold (Selenium) has been reported in literature. Toxicity symptoms include hair loss, weakened nails, dermatitis, dental defects, gastrointestinal disorders, nervousness, mental depression, metallic taste, vomiting, and garlic odor of breath and sweat. Acute poisoning due to ingestion of large amounts of Multivite Gold (Selenium) compounds has resulted in death with histopathological changes including fulminating peripheral vascular collapse, internal vascular congestion, diffusely hemorrhagic, congested and edematus lungs, brick-red color gastric mucosa. The death was preceded by coma.

No effective antidote to Multivite Gold (Selenium) poisoning in humans is known. Animal studies have shown casein and linseed oil in feeds, reduced glutathione, arsenic, magnesium sulfate, and bromobenzene to afford limited protection.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection provides 40 mcg selenium/mL. For metabolically stable adults receiving TPN, the suggested additive dosage level is 20 to 40 mcg selenium/day. For pediatric patients, the suggested additive dosage level is 3 mcg/kg/day.

In adults, Multivite Gold (Selenium) deficiency states resulting from long-term TPN support, Multivite Gold (Selenium) as selenomethionine or selenious acid, administered intravenously at 100 mcg/day for a period of 24 and 31 days, respectively, has been reported to reverse deficiency symptoms without toxicity.

Aseptic addition of Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection to the TPN solution under laminar flow hood is recommended. Multivite Gold (Selenium) is physically compatible with the electrolytes and other trace elements usually present in amino-acid/dextrose solution used for TPN. Frequent monitoring of plasma Multivite Gold (Selenium) levels is suggested as a guideline for subsequent administration. The normal whole blood range for Multivite Gold (Selenium) is approximately 10 to 37 mcg/100 mL.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration, whenever solution and container permit.

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold (Selenium) Injection containing selenious acid 65.4 mcg/mL (equivalent to elemental Multivite Gold (Selenium) 40 mcg/mL).

NDC 0517-6510-25 10 mL Single Dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 25

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).

AMERICAN

REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

IN6510

Rev. 11/15

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Container

NDC 0517-6510-25

Multivite Gold (Selenium) INJECTION

Multivite Gold (Selenium) 400 mcg/10 mL

(40 mcg/mL)

10 mL

SINGLE DOSE VIAL

Trace Element Additive

FOR IV USE AFTER DILUTION

PRESERVATIVE FREE

Rx Only

AMERICAN REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Carton

Multivite Gold (Selenium) INJECTION

Multivite Gold (Selenium) 400 mcg/10 mL

(40 mcg/mL)

Trace Element Additive

NDC 0517-6510-25

25 x 10 mL

SINGLE DOSE VIALS

FOR INTRAVENOUS USE AFTER DILUTION PRESERVATIVE FREE Rx Only

Each mL contains: Selenious Acid 65.4 mcg, Water for Injection q.s.

pH adjusted with Nitric Acid. Sterile, nonpyrogenic.

WARNING: DISCARD UNUSED PORTION. Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions

permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F).

Directions for Use: See Package Insert.

AMERICAN REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

Rev. 11/05

Container Carton

Vitamin A:

• Dosage and administration
• Warning
• Clinical pharmacology
• Dietary supplementation
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) reviews

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

One tablet daily or as directed by a physician.

WARNING

KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

In case of accidental overdose, seek professional assistance or contact a Poison Control Center immediately.

Other Ingredients: Artificial cherry flavor, artificial grape flavor, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, compressible sugar, D&C Red #7 calcium lake, FD&C Blue #1 aluminum lake, FD&C Yellow #6 aluminum lake, folic acid, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, natural and artificial orange flavor, niacinamide, polyethylene glycol, pyridoxine HCl, riboflavin, sodium ascorbate, sodium fluoride, stearic acid, sucralose, thiamine HCl, Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) acetate, vitamin B12 and vitamin E acetate.

Active ingredient for caries prophylaxis: Fluoride as sodium fluoride.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Significant decrease in the incidence of dental caries can be linked to the fluoridation of the water supply (1ppm fluoride) during the period of tooth development.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) Tablets provide sodium fluoride and ten essential vitamins in a chewable tablet. Because the tablets are chewable, they provide a topical as well as systemic source of fluoride. Hydroxyapatite is the principal crystal for all calcified tissue in the human body. The fluoride ion reacts with the Hydroxyapatite in the tooth as it is formed to produce the more caries-resistant crystal, fluorapatite.

The reaction may be expressed by the equation:

Three stages of fluoride deposition in tooth enamel can be distinguished:

• Small amounts (reflecting the low levels of fluoride in tissue fluids) are incorporated into the enamel crystals while they are being formed.
• After enamel has been laid down, fluoride deposition continues in the surface enamel. Diffusion of fluoride from the surface inward is apparently restricted.
• After eruption, the surface enamel acquires fluoride from the water, food, supplementary fluoride and smaller amounts of saliva.

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION

Multivitamins with fluoride offer supplementation of the diet with 10 vitamins and fluoride.

WARNINGS

AS IN THE CASE OF ALL MEDICATIONS, KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. This tablet should be chewed. This product, as with all chewable tablets are not recommended for children under the age of 4 due to risk of choking.

PRECAUTIONS

The suggested dose of Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) Tablets should not be exceeded, since dental fluorosis may result from continued ingestion of large amounts of fluoride.

Before recommending Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) Tablets

• Determine the fluoride content of the drinking water from all major sources
• Make sure the child is not receiving significant amounts of fluoride from other sources such as medications and swallowed toothpaste
• Periodically check to make sure that the child does not develop significant dental fluorosis.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Allergic rash and other idiosyncrasies have been rarely reported.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact H2-Pharma, LLC at 1 (866) 592-6438 or FDA at 1 (800) 332-1088 or via the web at www.fda.gov/medwatch/index.html for voluntary reporting of adverse reactions.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

One tablet daily or as directed by a physician.

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold Tablets 0.25 mg are available as orange, red and purple chewable tablets imprinted with "151" in 100 tablet bottles.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) Tablets 0.5 mg are available as orange, red and purple chewable tablets imprinted with "152" in 100 tablet bottles.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin A) Tablets 1.0 mg are available as orange, red and purple chewable tablets imprinted with "153" in 100 tablet bottles.

STORAGE

Store at controlled room temperature 20ºC-25ºC (68º-77ºF), excursions permitted between 15º-30ºC (59º-86ºF).

Distributed by:

H2-Pharma, LLC

2010 Berry Chase Place

Montgomery, AL 36117

www.h2-pharma.com

1067084

61269-151-01

MultiVitamin

with Fluoride

Chewable Tablets

Rx

0.25 mg

MultiVitamin and Fluoride Supplement

Dietary Supplement

100 Tablets

H²pharma

Vitamin B12:

• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Why is Multivite Gold prescribed?
• Dosage and administration
• Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) side effects, adverse reactions
• Multivite Gold contraindications
• Multivite Gold using during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Special instructions
• Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) drug interactions
• Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) reviews

Pharmacological action

Multivite Gold refers to a group of water-soluble vitamins. It has high biological activity. Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) is necessary for normal hematopoiesis (promotes maturation of erythrocytes). Involved in the processes of transmethylation, hydrogen transport, synthesis of methionine, nucleic acids, choline, creatine. Contributes to the accumulation in erythrocytes of compounds containing sulfhydryl groups. Has a beneficial effect on liver function and the nervous system. Activates the coagulation of blood in high doses causes an increase in the activity of thromboplastin and prothrombin.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolized in the tissues, becoming a co-enzyme form - adenosylcobalamin which is the active form of cyanocobalamin. Excreted in bile and urine.

Why is Multivite Gold prescribed?

Anemia due to B12-deficiency conditions; in the complex therapy for iron and posthemorrhagic anemia; aplastic anemia caused by toxic substances and drugs; liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis); funicular myelosis; polyneuritis, radiculitis, neuralgia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; children cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, peripheral nerve injury; skin diseases (psoriasis, photodermatosis, herpetiformis dermatitis, neurodermatitis); to prevent and treat symptoms of deficiency of Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) (including the application of biguanide, PASA, vitamin C in high doses); radiation sickness.

Dosage and administration

Multivite Gold is used as injections SC, IV, IM, intralumbar, and also oral. With anemia associated with Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) deficiency is introduced on 100-200 mcg in 2 days. In anemia with symptoms of funicular myelosis and megalocytic anemia with diseases of the nervous system - 400-500 micrograms in the first 7 days daily, then 1 time every 5-7 days. In the period of remission in the absence of events funicular myelosis maintenance dose - 100 mcg 2 times a month, in the presence of neurological symptoms - at 200-400 mcg 2-4 times a month. In acute post-hemorrhagic anemia and iron anemia by 30-100 mcg 2-3 times a week. When aplastic anemia (especially in children) - 100 micrograms before clinical improvement. When nutritional anemia in infants and preterm - 30 mcg / day during 15 days.

In diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system and neurological diseases with a pain syndrome is administered in increasing doses - 200-500 mcg, with the improvement in the state - 100 mcg / day. The course of treatment with Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) is 2 weeks. In traumatic lesions of peripheral nervous system - at 200-400 mcg every other day for 40-45 days.

When hepatitis and cirrhosis - 30-60 mcg / day or 100 mg every other day for 25-40 days.

Dystrophy in young children, Down syndrome and cerebral palsy - by 15-30 mcg every other day.

When funicular myelosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can be introduced into the spinal canal at 15-30 mcg, gradually increasing the dose of 200-250 micrograms.

In radiation sickness, diabetic neuropathy, sprue - by 60-100 mcg daily for 20-30 days.

When deficiency of Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) to prevent - IV or IM for 1 mg 1 time a month; for treatment - IV or IM for 1 mg daily for 1-2 weeks, the maintenance dose is 1-2 mg IV or IM from 1 per week, up to 1 per month. Duration of treatment is determined individually.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) side effects, adverse reactions

CNS: rarely - a state of arousal.

Cardiovascular system: rarely - pain in the heart, tachycardia.

Allergic reactions: rarely - urticaria.

Multivite Gold contraindications

Thromboembolism, erythremia, erythrocytosis, increased sensitivity to cyanocobalamin.

Multivite Gold using during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Cyanocobalamin can be used in pregnancy according to prescriptions.

Special instructions

When stenocardia should be used with caution in a single dose of Multivite Gold 100 mcg. During treatment should regularly monitor the blood picture and coagulation. It is unacceptable to enter in the same syringe with cyanocobalamin solutions of thiamine and pyridoxine.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) drug interactions

In an application of Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) with hormonal contraceptives for oral administration may decrease the concentration of cyanocobalamin in plasma.

In an application with anticonvulsant drugs decreased cyanocobalamin absorption from the gut.

In an Multivite Gold (Vitamin B12) application with neomycin, aminosalicylic acid, colchicine, cimetidine, ranitidine, drugs potassium decreased cyanocobalamin absorption from the gut.

Cyanocobalamin may exacerbate allergic reactions caused by thiamine.

When parenteral application of chloramphenicol may decrease the hematopoietic effects of cyanocobalamin with anemia.

Pharmaceutical incompatibility

Contained in the molecule of cyanocobalamin cobalt ion contributes to the destruction of ascorbic acid, thiamine bromide, riboflavin in one solution.

Vitamin C:

• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Why is Multivite Gold prescribed?
• Dosage and administration
• Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) side effects, adverse reactions
• Multivite Gold contraindications
• Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Special instructions
• Multivite Gold drug interactions
• Multivite Gold in case of emergency / overdose
• Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) reviews

Pharmacological action

Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of intracellular collagen, is required to strengthen the structure of teeth, bones, and the capillary walls. Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) participates in redox reactions, the metabolism of tyrosine, converting folic acid into folinic acid, metabolism of carbohydrates, the synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, processes of cellular respiration. Reduces the need for vitamins B1, B2, A, E, folic acid, pantothenic acid, enhances the body's resistance to infections; enhances iron absorption, contributing to its sequestration in reduced form. Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) has antioxidant properties.

With intravaginal application of ascorbic acid lowers the vaginal pH, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and helps to restore and maintain normal pH and vaginal flora (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri).

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration ascorbic acid is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Widely distributed in body tissues.

The concentration of ascorbic acid in blood plasma in normal amounts to approximately 10-20 mg / ml.

The concentration of ascorbic acid in white blood cells and platelets is higher than in erythrocytes and plasma. When deficient state of concentration in leucocytes is reduced later and more slowly and is regarded as the best criterion for evaluating the deficit than the concentration in plasma.

Plasma protein binding is about 25%.

Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid, is metabolized with the formation of ascorbate-2-sulphate which is inactive and oxalic acid which is excreted in the urine.

Ascorbic acid taken in excessive quantities is rapidly excreted unchanged in urine, it usually happens when exceeding a daily dose is 200 mg.

Why is Multivite Gold prescribed?

For systemic use of Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) Kimia Farma: prevention and treatment of hypo- and avitaminosis of Multivite Gold (Vitamin C); providing increased need for Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) during growth, pregnancy, lactation, with heavy loads, fatigue and during recovery after prolonged severe illness; in winter with an increased risk of infectious diseases.

For intravaginal use: chronic or recurrent vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis, nonspecific vaginitis) caused by the anaerobic flora (due to changes in pH of the vagina) in order to normalize disturbed vaginal microflora.

Dosage and administration

This medication administered orally, IM, IV, intravaginally.

For the prevention of deficiency conditions Multivite Gold dose is 25-75 mg / day, for the treatment - 250 mg / day or more in divided doses.

For intravaginal used ascorbic acid drugs in appropriate dosage forms.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) side effects, adverse reactions

CNS: headache, fatigue, insomnia.

Digestive system: stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting.

Allergic reaction: describes a few cases of skin reactions and manifestations of the respiratory system.

Urinary system: when used in high doses - hyperoxaluria and the formation of kidney stones of calcium oxalate.

Local reactions: with intravaginal application - a burning or itching in the vagina, increased mucous discharge, redness, swelling of the vulva. Other: sensation of heat.

Multivite Gold contraindications

Increased sensitivity to ascorbic acid.

Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding

The minimum daily requirement of ascorbic acid in the II and III trimester of pregnancy is about 60 mg.

Ascorbic acid crosses the placental barrier. It should be borne in mind that the fetus can adapt to high doses of ascorbic acid, which takes a pregnant woman, and then a newborn baby may develop the ascorbic disease as the reaction of cancel. Therefore, during pregnancy should not to take ascorbic acid in high doses, except in cases where the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.

The minimum daily requirement during lactation is 80 mg. Ascorbic acid is excreted in breast milk. A mother's diet that contains adequate amounts of ascorbic acid, is sufficient to prevent deficiency in an infant. It is unknown whether dangerous to the child's mother use of ascorbic acid in high doses. Theoretically it is possible. Therefore, it is recommended not to exceed the maximum daily nursing mother needs to ascorbic acid, except when the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.

Special instructions

Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) is used with caution in patients with hyperoxaluria, renal impairment, a history of instructions on urolithiasis. Because ascorbic acid increases iron absorption, its use in high doses can be dangerous in patients with hemochromatosis, thalassemia, polycythemia, leukemia, and sideroblastic anemia.

Patients with high content body iron should apply ascorbic acid in minimal doses.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) is used with caution in patients with deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

The use of ascorbic acid in high doses can cause exacerbation of sickle cell anemia.

Data on the diabetogenic action of ascorbic acid are contradictory. However, prolonged use of ascorbic acid should periodically monitor your blood glucose levels.

It is believed that the use of ascorbic acid in patients with rapidly proliferating and widely disseminated tumors may worsen during the process. It should therefore be used with caution in ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer.

Absorption of ascorbic acid decreased while use of fresh fruit or vegetable juices, alkaline drinking.

Multivite Gold drug interactions

In an application with barbiturates, primidone increases the excretion of ascorbic acid in the urine.

With the simultaneous use of oral contraceptives reduces the concentration of ascorbic acid in blood plasma.

In an application of Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) with iron preparations ascorbic acid, due to its regenerative properties, transforms ferric iron in the bivalent, which improves its absorption.

Ascorbic acid in high doses can decrease urine pH that while the application reduces the tubular reabsorption of amphetamine and tricyclic antidepressants.

With the simultaneous use of aspirin reduces the absorption of ascorbic acid by about a third.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin C) in an application with warfarin may decrease effects of warfarin.

With the simultaneous application of ascorbic acid increases the excretion of iron in patients receiving deferoxamine. In the application of ascorbic acid at a dose of 500 mg / day possibly left ventricular dysfunction.

In an application with tetracycline is increased excretion of ascorbic acid in the urine.

There is a described case of reducing the concentration of fluphenazine in plasma in patients treated with ascorbic acid 500 mg 2 times / day.

May increase the concentration of ethinyl estradiol in the blood plasma in its simultaneous application in the oral contraceptives.

Multivite Gold in case of emergency / overdose

Symptoms: long-term use of large doses (more than 1 g) - headache, increased CNS excitability, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis giperatsidnyh, ultseratsiya gastrointestinal mucosa, inhibition of the function insular apparatus of the pancreas (hyperglycemia, glycosuria), hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis (calcium oxalate), damage to the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys, moderate thamuria (when receiving a dose of 600 mg / day).

Decrease capillary permeability (possibly deteriorating trophic tissues, increased blood pressure, hypercoagulability, the development of microangiopathy).

When IV administration in high doses - the threat of termination of pregnancy (due to estrogenemia), hemolysis of red blood cells.

Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate):

• Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) reviews

Indication: Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)), known for its antioxidant activities, is protective against cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer and has also demonstrated immune-enhancing effects. It may be of limited benefit in some with asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. It may be helpful in some neurological diseases including Alzheimer's, some eye disorders including cataracts, and diabetes and premenstrual syndrome. It may also help protect skin from ultraviolet irradiation although claims that it reverses skin aging, enhances male fertility and exercise performance are poorly supported. It may help relieve some muscle cramps.

Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) has antioxidant activity. It may also have anti-atherogenic, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, neuroprotective, antiviral, immunomodulatory, cell membrane-stabilizing and antiproliferative actions. Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) is a collective term used to describe eight separate forms, the best-known form being alpha-tocopherol. Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) is a fat-soluble vitamin and is an important antioxidant. It acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) is often used in skin creams and lotions because it is believed to play a role in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries such as burns. There are three specific situations when a Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) deficiency is likely to occur. It is seen in persons who cannot absorb dietary fat, has been found in premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), and is seen in individuals with rare disorders of fat metabolism. A Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) deficiency is usually characterized by neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. Symptoms may include infertility, neuromuscular impairment, menstrual problems, miscarriage and uterine degradation. Preliminary research has led to a widely held belief that Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease. Antioxidants such as Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) help protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen. Low levels of Multivite Gold (Vitamin E (Vitamin E Acetate)) have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer.

Vitamin K:

• Multivite Gold (Vitamin K) reviews

Zinc:

• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug abuse and dependence
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Multivite Gold (Zinc) reviews

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Multivite Gold (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for TPN. Administration helps to maintain Multivite Gold (Zinc) serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores, and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

None known.

WARNINGS

Direct intramuscular or intravenous injection of Multivite Gold (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is contraindicated as the acidic pH of the solution (2) may cause considerable tissue irritation.

Severe kidney disease may make it necessary to reduce or omit chromium and Multivite Gold (Zinc) doses because these elements are primarily eliminated in the urine.

WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Do not use unless the solution is clear and the seal is intact.

Zinc 1 mg/mL should only be used in conjunction with a pharmacy directed admixture program using aseptic technique in a laminar flow environment; it should be used promptly and in a single operation without any repeated penetrations. Solution contains no preservatives; discard unused portion immediately after admixture procedure is completed.

Zinc should not be given undiluted by direct injection into a peripheral vein because of the likelihood of infusion phlebitis and the potential for increased excretory loss of Multivite Gold (Zinc) from a bolus injection. Administration of Multivite Gold (Zinc) in the absence of copper may cause a decrease in serum copper levels.

Laboratory Tests

Periodic determinations of serum copper as well as Multivite Gold (Zinc) are suggested as a guideline for subsequent Multivite Gold (Zinc) administration.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility

Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Multivite Gold 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) have not been performed, nor have studies been done to assess mutagenesis or impairment of fertility.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Multivite Gold (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Multivite Gold chloride. It is also not known whether Multivite Gold (Zinc) chloride can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Multivite Gold (Zinc) chloride should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

Geriatric Use

An evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

None known.

DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

None known.

OVERDOSAGE

Single intravenous doses of 1 to 2 mg zinc/kg body weight have been given to adult leukemic patients without toxic manifestations. However, acute toxicity was reported in an adult when 10 mg Multivite Gold (Zinc) was infused over a period of one hour on each of four consecutive days. Profuse sweating, decreased level of consciousness, blurred vision, tachycardia (140/min), and marked hypothermia (94.2° F) on the fourth day were accompanied by a serum Multivite Gold (Zinc) concentration of 207 mcg/dl. Symptoms abated within three hours.

Hyperamylasemia may be a sign of impending Multivite Gold (Zinc) overdosage; patients receiving an inadvertent overdose (25 mg zinc/liter of TPN solution, equivalent to 50 to 70 mg zinc/day) developed hyperamylasemia (557 to 1850 Klein units; normal: 130 to 310).

Death resulted from an overdosage in which 1683 mg Multivite Gold (Zinc) was delivered intravenously over the course of 60 hours to a 72 year old patient.

Symptoms of Multivite Gold (Zinc) toxicity included hypotension (80/40 mm Hg), pulmonary edema, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, and oliguria, with a serum Multivite Gold (Zinc) level of 4184 mcg/dl.

Calcium supplements may confer a protective effect against Multivite Gold (Zinc) toxicity.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Multivite Gold (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) contains 1 mg zinc/mL and is administered intravenously only after dilution. The additive should be diluted prior to administration in a volume of fluid not less than 100 mL. For the metabolically stable adult receiving TPN, the suggested intravenous dosage is 2.5 to 4 mg zinc/day (2.5 to 4 mL/day). An additional 2 mg zinc/day (2 mL/day) is suggested for acute catabolic states. For the stable adult with fluid loss from the small bowel, an additional 12.2 mg zinc/liter of small bowel fluid lost (12.2 mL/liter of small bowel fluid lost), or an additional 17.1 mg zinc/kg of stool or ileostomy output (17.1 mL/kg of stool or ileostomy output) is recommended. Frequent monitoring of Multivite Gold (Zinc) blood levels is suggested for patients receiving more than the usual maintenance dosage level of Multivite Gold (Zinc).

For full term infants and children up to 5 years of age, 100 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.1 mL/kg/day) is recommended. For premature infants (birth weight less than 1500 g) up to 3 kg in body weight, 300 mcg zinc/kg/day (0.3 mL/kg/day) is suggested.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. See PRECAUTIONS.

HOW SUPPLIED

Multivite Gold (Zinc) 1 mg/mL (Zinc Chloride Injection, USP) is supplied in 10 mL Plastic Vials (List No. 4090).

Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).

Revised: October, 2004

© Hospira 2004 EN-0488 Printed in USA

HOSPIRA, INC., LAKE FOREST, IL 60045 USA

10 mL Vial

Multivite Gold (Zinc)

1 mg/mL

Multivite Gold (Zinc) Chloride Inj., USP

Rx only

FOR I.V. USE ONLY AFTER DILUTION.

HOSPIRA, INC., LAKE FOREST, IL 60045 USA