Foscarnet

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Foscarnet uses



WARNING

RENAL IMPAIRMENT IS THE MAJOR TOXICITY OF Foscarnet. FREQUENT MONITORING OF SERUM CREATININE, WITH DOSE ADJUSTMENT FOR CHANGES IN RENAL FUNCTION, AND ADEQUATE HYDRATION WITH ADMINISTRATION OF Foscarnet IS IMPERATIVE.

SEIZURES, RELATED TO ALTERATIONS IN PLASMA MINERALS AND ELECTROLYTES, HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH Foscarnet TREATMENT. THEREFORE, PATIENTS MUST BE CAREFULLY MONITORED FOR SUCH CHANGES AND THEIR POTENTIAL SEQUELAE. MINERAL AND ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENTATION MAY BE REQUIRED.

Foscarnet IS INDICATED FOR USE ONLY IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS WITH CMV RETINITIS AND MUCOCUTANEOUS ACYCLOVIR-RESISTANT HSV INFECTIONS..

DESCRIPTION

Foscarnet is the brand name for Foscarnet. The chemical name of Foscarnet is phosphonoformic acid, trisodium salt. Foscarnet is a white, crystalline powder containing 6 equivalents of water of hydration with an empirical formula of Na3CO5P-6 H2O and a molecular weight of 300.1. The structural formula is:

Foscarnet has the potential to chelate divalent metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium, to form stable coordination compounds. Foscarnet INJECTION is a sterile, isotonic aqueous solution for intravenous administration only. The solution is clear and colorless. Each milliliter of Foscarnet contains 24 mg of Foscarnet hexahydrate in Water for Injection, USP. Hydrochloric acid may have been added to adjust the pH of the solution to 7.4. Foscarnet INJECTION contains no preservatives.

structural formula

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VIROLOGY

Mechanism of Action

Foscarnet exerts its antiviral activity by a selective inhibition at the pyrophosphate binding site on virus-specific DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not affect cellular DNA polymerases. Foscarnet does not require activation by thymidine kinase or other kinases.

Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

The quantitative relationship between the cell culture susceptibility of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) to foscarnet and clinical response to therapy has not been established and virus sensitivity testing has not been standardized. Sensitivity test results, expressed as the concentration of drug required to inhibit by 50% the growth of virus in cell culture (EC50), vary greatly depending on the assay method used, cell type employed and the laboratory performing the test. A number of sensitive viruses and their EC50 values are listed below (Table 1). The combination antiviral activity of foscarnet and ganciclovir or acyclovir are not antagonistic in cell culture.

*Mean = 269 μM

Virus EC50 value (μM)
CMV

Ganciclovir resistant CMV

HSV-1, HSV-2

HSV-TK negative mutant

HSV-DNA polymerase mutants

50-800*

190

10-130

67

5-443


Antiviral Activity in vivo

Statistically significant decreases in positive CMV cultures from blood and urine have been demonstrated in two studies (FOS-03 and ACTG-015/915) of subjects treated with Foscarnet. Although median time to progression of CMV retinitis was increased in subjects treated with Foscarnet, reductions in positive blood or urine cultures have not been shown to correlate with clinical efficacy in individual subjects (Table 2).

*A total of 77 subjects were treated with Foscarnet in two clinical trials (FOS-03 and ACTG-015/915).

Not all subjects had blood or urine cultures done and some subjects had results from both cultures.

†(60 mg/kg Foscarnet TID for 2–3 weeks).

Blood +CMV -CMV
Baseline 27 34
End of Induction† 1 60
Urine +CMV -CMV
Baseline 52 6
End of Induction† 21 37

Resistance

Cell culture: CMV and HSV isolates with reduced susceptibility to foscarnet have been selected in cell culture by passage of wild type virus in the presence of increasing concentrations of the drug. All foscarnet resistant isolates are known to be generated through amino acid substitutions in the viral DNA polymerase pUL54 (CMV) or pUL30 (HSV) (Table 3).

CMV pUL54 T419M, T552N, S585A, F595I, Q807A, M844T/V, V946L
HSV-1 pUL30 Y577H, E597D, A605V, L702H, V714M, L774F, L788M, D780N, L782I, P797T, L802F, V813M, V817M, Y818C, T821M, R842S, S889A, F891C, V892M, D907V, A910V, SRA914-916LCV, V958L, R959H
HSV-2 pUL30 _

In vivo: Limited clinical data are available on the development of clinical resistance to foscarnet and many pathways to resistance likely exist. Substitutions documented in the literature in treated patients as associated with foscarnet resistance, are listed in Table 4.

Note: Many additional pathways to foscarnet resistance likely exist

CMV pUL54 N495K, Q578H/L, D588E/N, T700A, V715M, E756D/K/Q, L773V, L776M, V781I, V787L, L802M, A809V, V812L, T813S, T821I, A834P, T838A, G841A/S, del 981-982
HSV-1 pUL30 S599L, D672N, R700G, V715G, A719T/V, S724N, E798K, G841C/S, A910T, Y941H
HSV-2 pUL30 A724T, S725G, S729N, Q732R, L783M, D785N, T844I, L850I, D912V

The possibility of viral resistance should be considered in patients who show poor clinical response or experience persistent viral excretion during therapy.

Cross-Resistance: The amino acid substitutions that resulted in reduced susceptibility to foscarnet and either ganciclovir, acyclovir and/or cidofovir are summarized in Tables 5 and 6.

Cross-resistant to ganciclovir CMV pUL54 Q578H, D588N, E756K, L773V, L776M, V781I, V787L, L802M, A809V, V812L, T813S, T821I, A834P, G841A/S, del 981-982
Cross-resistant to cidofovir CMV pUL54 Q578H, D588N, E756K, L773V, V812L, T813S, A834P, G841A, del 981-982

Cross-resistant to

acyclovir


HSV-1 pUL30


E597D, S599L, A605V, D672N, R700G, L702H, V714M, V715G, A719T/V, S724N, L774F, L778M, D780N, L782I, P797T, E798K, L802F, V813M, V817M, Y818C, T821M, G841C/S, R842S, S889A, F891C/Y, V892M, D907V, A910V/T, SRA914-916LCV, Y941H, V958L, V959H


HSV-2 pUL30


A724T, S725G, S729N, Q732R, L783M, D785N, T844I, D912V


Marginally

cross-resistant to cidofovir


HSV-1 pUL30


V714M, A719V, S724N, L778M, L802F, Y818C, T821M, G841S


HSV-2 pUL30


L783M

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CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of foscarnet has been determined after administration as an intermittent intravenous infusion during induction therapy in AIDS patients with CMV retinitis. Observed plasma foscarnet concentrations in four studies are summarized in Table 7:

*Values expressed as mean S.D. (number of subjects studied) for each parameter

†50 mg/kg Q8h for 28 days, samples taken 3 hrs after end of 1 hr infusion (Astra Report 815-04 AC025-1)

‡90 mg/kg Q12hr for 28 days, samples taken 1 hr after end of 2 hr infusion (Hengge et al., 1993)

Parameter 60 mg/kg Q8h 90 mg/kg Q12h
C max at steady-state (μM) 589 ± 192 (24) 623 ± 132 (19)
C trough at steady-state (μM) 114 ± 91 (24) 63 ± 57 (17)
Volume of distribution (L/kg) 0.41 ± 0.13 (12) 0.52 ± 0.20 (18)
Plasma half-life (hr) 4.0 ± 2.0 (24) 3.3 ± 1.4 (18)
Systemic clearance (L/hr) 6.2 ± 2.1 (24) 7.1 ± 2.7 (18)
Renal clearance (L/hr) 5.6 ± 1.9 (5) 6.4 ± 2.5 (13)
CSF: plasma ratio 0.69 ± 0.19 (9) † 0.66 ± 0.11(5) ‡

Distribution

In vitro studies have shown that 14 – 17% of foscarnet is protein bound at plasma drug concentrations of 1 – 1000 μM.

The foscarnet terminal half-life determined by urinary excretion was 87.5 ± 41.8 hours, possibly due to release of foscarnet from bone. Postmortem data on several patients in European clinical trials provide evidence that foscarnet does accumulate in bone in humans; however, the extent to which this occurs has not been determined.

Special Populations

Adults with Impaired Renal Function: The pharmacokinetic properties of foscarnet have been determined in a small group of adult subjects with normal and impaired renal function, as summarized in Table 8:

*Group 1 patients had normal renal function defined as a creatinine clearance of >80 mL/min, Group 2 CrCl was 50 – 80 mL/min, Group 3 CrCl was 25 – 49 mL/min and Group 4 CrCl was 10 – 24 mL/min.

Parameter Group 1

(N=6)

Group 2

(N=6)

Group 3

(N=6)

Group 4

(N=4)

Creatinine clearance (mL/min) 108 ± 16 68 ± 8 34 ± 9 20 ± 4
Foscarnet CL (mL/min/kg) 2.13 ± 0.71 1.33 ± 0.43 0.46 ± 0.14 0.43 ± 0.26
Foscarnet half-life (hr) 1.93 ± 0.12 3.35 ± 0.87 13.0 ± 4.05 25.3 ± 18.7

Total systemic clearance (CL) of foscarnet decreased and half-life increased with diminishing renal function (as expressed by creatinine clearance). Based on these observations, it is necessary to modify the dosage of foscarnet in patients with renal impairment.

Drug Interaction

The pharmacokinetics of foscarnet and ganciclovir were not altered in 13 patients receiving either concomitant therapy or daily alternating therapy for maintenance of CMV disease.

There is no clinically significant interaction with zidovudine (AZT), or probenecid.

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CLINICAL TRIALS

CMV Retinitis

A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 24 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis comparing treatment with Foscarnet to no treatment. Patients received induction treatment of Foscarnet, 60 mg/kg every 8 hours for 3 weeks, followed by maintenance treatment with 90 mg/kg/day until retinitis progression (appearance of a new lesion or advancement of the border of a posterior lesion greater than 750 microns in diameter). All diagnoses and determinations of retinitis progression were made from masked reading of retinal photographs. The 13 patients randomized to treatment with Foscarnet had a significant delay in progression of CMV retinitis compared to untreated controls. Median times to retinitis progression from study entry were 93 days (range 21 – >364) and 22 days (range 7 – 42), respectively.

In another prospective clinical trial of CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS (ACTG-915), 33 patients were treated with two to three weeks of Foscarnet induction (60 mg/kg TID) and then randomized to either 90 mg/kg/day or 120 mg/kg/day maintenance therapy. The median times from study entry to retinitis progression were not significantly different between the treatment groups, 96 (range 14 – >176) days and 140 (range 16 – >233) days, respectively.

In study ACTG 129/FGCRT SOCA study 107 patients with newly diagnosed CMV retinitis were randomized to treatment with Foscarnet (induction: 60 mg/kg TID for 2 weeks;

Maintenance: 90 mg/kg QD) and 127 were randomized to treatment with ganciclovir (induction: 5 mg/kg BID;

Maintenance: 5 mg/kg QD). The median time to progression on the two drugs was similar (Fos=59 and Gcv=56 days).

Relapsed CMV Retinitis

The CMV Retinitis Retreatment Trial (ACTG 228/SOCA CRRT) was a randomized, open-label comparison of Foscarnet or ganciclovir monotherapy to the combination of both drugs for the treatment of persistently active or relapsed CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS. Subjects were randomized to one of the three treatments: Foscarnet 90 mg/kg BID induction followed by 120 mg/kg QD maintenance (Fos); ganciclovir 5 mg/kg BID induction followed by 10 mg/kg QD maintenance (Gcv); or the combination of the two drugs, consisting of continuation of the subject's current therapy and induction dosing of the other drug (as above), followed by maintenance with Foscarnet 90 mg/kg QD plus ganciclovir 5 mg/kg QD (Cmb). Assessment of retinitis progression was performed by masked evaluation of retinal photographs. The median times to retinitis progression or death were 39 days for the Foscarnet group, 61 days for the ganciclovir group and 105 days for the combination group. For the alternative endpoint of retinitis progression (censoring on death), the median times were 39 days for the Foscarnet group, 61 days for the ganciclovir group and 132 days for the combination group. Due to censoring on death, the latter analysis may overestimate the treatment effect. Treatment modifications due to toxicity were more common in the combination group than in the Foscarnet or ganciclovir monotherapy groups.

Mucocutaneous Acyclovir Resistant HSV Infections

In a controlled trial, patients with AIDS and mucocutaneous, acyclovir-resistant HSV infection were randomized to either Foscarnet (N=8) at a dose of 40 mg/kg TID or vidarabine (N=6) at a dose of 15 mg/kg per day. Eleven patients were nonrandomly assigned to receive treatment with Foscarnet because of prior intolerance to vidarabine. Lesions in the eight patients randomized to Foscarnet healed after 11 to 25 days; seven of the 11 patients nonrandomly treated with Foscarnet healed their lesions in 10 to 30 days. Vidarabine was discontinued because of intolerance (N=4) or poor therapeutic response (N=2). In a second trial, forty AIDS patients and three bone marrow transplant recipients with mucocutaneous, acyclovir-resistant HSV infections were randomized to receive Foscarnet at a dose of either 40 mg/kg BID or 40 mg/kg TID. Fifteen of the 43 patients had healing of their lesions in 11 to 72 days with no difference in response between the two treatment groups.

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INDICATIONS

CMV Retinitis

Foscarnet is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Combination therapy with Foscarnet and ganciclovir is indicated for patients who have relapsed after monotherapy with either drug. SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF Foscarnet HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR TREATMENT OF OTHER CMV INFECTIONS (e.g., PNEUMONITIS, GASTROENTERITIS); CONGENITAL OR NEONATAL CMV DISEASE; OR NONIMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS.

Mucocutaneous Acyclovir Resistant HSV Infections

Foscarnet is indicated for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients. SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF Foscarnet HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR TREATMENT OF OTHER HSV INFECTIONS (e.g., RETINITIS, ENCEPHALITIS); CONGENITAL OR NEONATAL HSV DISEASE; OR HSV IN NONIMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Foscarnet is contraindicated in patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to Foscarnet.

WARNINGS

Renal Impairment

THE MAJOR TOXICITY OF Foscarnet IS RENAL IMPAIRMENT. Renal impairment is most likely to become clinically evident during the second week of induction therapy, but may occur at any time during Foscarnet treatment. Renal function should be monitored carefully during both induction and maintenance therapy. Elevations in serum creatinine are usually, but not always, reversible following discontinuation or dose adjustment of Foscarnet. Safety and efficacy data for patients with baseline serum creatinine levels greater than 2.8 mg/dL or measured 24-hour creatinine clearances <50 mL/min are limited.

SINCE Foscarnet HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE RENAL IMPAIRMENT, DOSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SERUM CREATININE IS NECESSARY. Hydration may reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity. It is recommended that 750–1000 mL of normal saline or 5% dextrose solution should be given prior to the first infusion of Foscarnet to establish diuresis. With subsequent infusions, 750–1000 mL of hydration fluid should be given with 90-120 mg/kg of Foscarnet, and 500 mL with 40–60 mg/kg of Foscarnet. Hydration fluid may need to be decreased if clinically warranted.

After the first dose, the hydration fluid should be administered concurrently with each infusion of Foscarnet.

Mineral and Electrolyte Abnormalities

Foscarnet has been associated with changes in serum electrolytes including hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia. Foscarnet may also be associated with a dose-related decrease in ionized serum calcium which may not be reflected in total serum calcium. This effect is likely to be related to chelation of divalent metal ions such as calcium by foscarnet. Patients should be advised to report symptoms of low ionized calcium such as perioral tingling, numbness in the extremities and paresthesias. Particular caution and careful management of serum electrolytes is advised in patients with altered calcium or other electrolyte levels before treatment and especially in those with neurologic or cardiac abnormalities and those receiving other drugs known to influence minerals and electrolytes. Physicians should be prepared to treat these abnormalities and their sequelae such as tetany, seizures or cardiac disturbances. The rate of Foscarnet infusion may also affect the decrease in ionized calcium. Therefore, an infusion pump must be used for administration to prevent rapid intravenous infusion. Slowing the infusion rate may decrease or prevent symptoms.

Seizures

Seizures related to mineral and electrolyte abnormalities have been associated with Foscarnet treatment. Several cases of seizures were associated with death. Cases of status epilepticus have been reported. Risk factors associated with seizures included impaired baseline renal function, low total serum calcium, and underlying CNS conditions.

Hypersensitivity

Serious acute hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylactic shock, urticaria, angioedema) have been reported postmarketing in patients receiving Foscarnet. If such an acute reaction occurs, therapy should be discontinued and appropriate medical therapy immediately instituted.

QT prolongation and torsade de pointes

Foscarnet has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval, an ECG abnormality that has been associated with torsades de pointes, which has been reported during postmarketing surveillance for Foscarnet. Some of these patients had confounding risk factors such as underlying cardiac disease, electrolyte abnormalities and other concomitant medications.

Use with caution in patients who have a history of QT prolongation, in patients who are taking medications known to prolong the QT interval, in patients with electrolyte disturbances, or in patients who have other risk factors for QT prolongation. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) and measurement of electrolytes should be obtained prior to treatment initiation and periodically during treatment with Foscarnet.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Care must be taken to infuse solutions containing Foscarnet only into veins with adequate blood flow to permit rapid dilution and distribution to avoid local irritation. Local irritation and ulcerations of penile epithelium have been reported in male patients receiving Foscarnet, possibly related to the presence of drug in the urine. Cases of male and female genital irritation/ulceration have been reported in patients receiving Foscarnet. Adequate hydration with close attention to personal hygiene may minimize the occurrence of such events.

Due to the sodium content of Foscarnet (240 micromoles (5.5 mg) of sodium per mL), avoid Foscarnet use when intravenous infusion of a large amount of sodium or water may not be tolerated (e.g. in patients with cardiomyopathy). Foscarnet should also be avoided in patients on a controlled sodium diet.

Hematopoietic System

Anemia has been reported in 33% of patients receiving Foscarnet in controlled studies. Granulocytopenia has been reported in 17% of patients receiving Foscarnet in controlled studies; however, only 1% (2/189) were terminated from these studies because of neutropenia.

Information for Patients

CMV Retinitis: Patients should be advised that Foscarnet is not a cure for CMV retinitis, and that they may continue to experience progression of retinitis during or following treatment. They should be advised to have regular ophthalmologic examinations.

Mucocutaneous Acyclovir-Resistant HSV Infections: Patients should be advised that Foscarnet is not a cure for HSV infections. While complete healing is possible, relapse occurs in most patients. Because relapse may be due to acyclovir-sensitive HSV, sensitivity testing of the viral isolate is advised. In addition, repeated treatment with Foscarnet has led to the development of resistance associated with poorer response. In the case of poor therapeutic response, sensitivity testing of the viral isolate also is advised.

Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Adverse effects such as dizziness and convulsions may occur during Foscarnet therapy. Patients who experience seizures, dizziness, somnolence or other adverse reactions that could result in impairment, should be advised to avoid driving or operating machinery.

General: Patients should be informed that the major toxicities of foscarnet are renal impairment, electrolyte disturbances, and seizures, and that dose modifications and possibly discontinuation may be required. The importance of close monitoring while on therapy must be emphasized. Patients should be advised of the importance of reporting to their physicians symptoms of perioral tingling, numbness in the extremities or paresthesias during or after infusion as possible symptoms of electrolyte abnormalities. Patients should also be advised to promptly report any cardiac symptoms. Should such symptoms occur, the infusion of Foscarnet should be stopped, appropriate laboratory samples for assessment of electrolyte concentrations obtained, and a physician consulted before resuming treatment. The rate of infusion must be no more than 1 mg/kg/minute. The potential for renal impairment may be minimized by accompanying Foscarnet administration with hydration adequate to establish and maintain a diuresis during dosing.

Drug Interactions

A possible drug interaction of Foscarnet and intravenous pentamidine has been described. Concomitant treatment of four patients in the United Kingdom with Foscarnet and intravenous pentamidine may have caused hypocalcemia; one patient died with severe hypocalcemia. Toxicity associated with concomitant use of aerosolized pentamidine has not been reported. Because Foscarnet can reduce serum levels of ionized calcium, extreme caution is advised when used concurrently with other drugs known to influence serum calcium levels. Renal impairment and symptomatic hypocalcemia have been observed during concurrent treatment with Foscarnet and intravenous pentamidine.

Because of foscarnet's tendency to cause renal impairment, the use of Foscarnet should be avoided in combination with potentially nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cyclosporine, acyclovir, methotrexate, tacrolimus and intravenous pentamidine unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks to the patient.

When diuretics are indicated, thiazides are recommended over loop diuretics because the latter inhibit renal tubular secretion, and may impair elimination of Foscarnet, potentially leading to toxicity.

Abnormal renal function has been observed in clinical practice during the use of Foscarnet and ritonavir, or Foscarnet, ritonavir, and saquinavir.

Because of the risk of QT prolongation and the potential for torsades de pointes, the use of Foscarnet should be avoided in combination with agents known to prolong the QT interval including Class IA (e.g., quinidine or procainamide) or Class III (e.g., dofetilide, amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic agents, phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, and certain macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity studies were conducted in rats and mice at oral doses of 500 mg/kg/day and 250 mg/kg/day. Oral bioavailability in unfasted rodents is < 20%. No evidence of oncogenicity was reported at plasma drug levels equal to 1/3 and 1/5, respectively, of those in humans (at the maximum recommended human daily dose) as measured by the area-under-the-time/concentration curve (AUC).

Foscarnet showed genotoxic effects in the BALB/3T3 in vitro transformation assay at concentrations greater than 0.5 mcg/mL and an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations in the sister chromatid exchange assay at 1000 mcg/mL. A high dose of foscarnet (350 mg/kg) caused an increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo in mice at doses that produced exposures (area under curve) comparable to that anticipated clinically.

Pregnancy

​There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Foscarnet in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Animal Data: Foscarnet did not adversely affect fertility and general reproductive performance in rats. The results of peri- and post-natal studies in rats were also negative. However, these studies used exposures that are inadequate to define the potential for impairment of fertility at human drug exposure levels.

Daily subcutaneous doses up to 75 mg/kg administered to female rats prior to and during mating, during gestation, and 21 days post-partum caused a slight increase in the number of skeletal anomalies compared with the control group. Daily subcutaneous doses up to 75 mg/kg administered to rabbits and 150 mg/kg administered to rats during gestation caused an increase in the frequency of skeletal anomalies/variations. On the basis of estimated drug exposure (as measured by AUC), the 150 mg/kg dose in rats and 75 mg/kg dose in rabbits were approximately one-eighth (rat) and one-third (rabbit) the estimated maximal daily human exposure. These studies are inadequate to define the potential teratogenicity at levels to which women will be exposed.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Foscarnet is excreted in human milk; however, in lactating rats administered 75 mg/kg, Foscarnet was excreted in maternal milk at concentrations three times higher than peak maternal blood concentrations. Because of the potential for serious adverse events in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue drug, taking into consideration the importance of the drug to the mother. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breast-feed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of Foscarnet in pediatric patients have not been established. Foscarnet is deposited in teeth and bone and deposition is greater in young and growing animals. Foscarnet has been demonstrated to adversely affect development of tooth enamel in mice and rats. The effects of this deposition on skeletal development have not been studied. Since deposition in human bone has also been shown to occur, it is likely that it does so to a greater degree in developing bone in pediatric patients. Administration to pediatric patients should be undertaken only after careful evaluation and only if the potential benefits for treatment outweigh the risks.

Geriatric Use

No studies of the efficacy or safety of Foscarnet in persons 65 years of age or older have been conducted. However, Foscarnet has been used in patients age 65 years of age and older. The pattern of adverse events seen in these patients is consistent across all age groups. This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and renal function should be monitored..

ADVERSE REACTIONS

THE MAJOR TOXICITY OF Foscarnet IS RENAL IMPAIRMENT. Approximately 33% of 189 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis who received Foscarnet (60 mg/kg TID), without adequate hydration, developed significant impairment of renal function (serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dL). The incidence of renal impairment in subsequent clinical trials in which 1000 mL of normal saline or 5% dextrose solution was given with each infusion of Foscarnet was 12% (34/280).

Foscarnet has been associated with changes in serum electrolytes including hypocalcemia (15-30%), hypophosphatemia (8–26%) and hyperphosphatemia (6%), hypomagnesemia (15–30%), and hypokalemia (16–48%). The higher percentages were derived from those patients receiving hydration.

Foscarnet treatment was associated with seizures in 18/189 (10%) AIDS patients in the initial five controlled studies. Risk factors associated with seizures included impaired baseline renal function, low total serum calcium, and underlying CNS conditions predisposing the patient to seizures. The rate of seizures did not increase with duration of treatment. Three cases were associated with overdoses of Foscarnet.

In five controlled U.S. clinical trials the most frequently reported adverse events in patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis are shown in Table 9. These figures were calculated without reference to drug relationship or severity.

n = 189 n = 189
Fever 65% Abnormal Renal Function 27%
Nausea 47% Vomiting 26%
Anemia 33% Headache 26%
Diarrhea 30% Seizures 10%

From the same controlled studies, adverse events categorized by investigator as “severe” are shown in Table 10. Although death was specifically attributed to Foscarnet in only one case, other complications of Foscarnet (i.e., renal impairment, electrolyte abnormalities, and seizures) may have contributed to patient deaths.

n = 189
Death 14%
Abnormal Renal Function 14%
Marrow Suppression 10%
Anemia 9%
Seizures 7%

From the five initial U.S. controlled trials of Foscarnet, the following list of adverse events has been compiled regardless of causal relationship to Foscarnet. Evaluation of these reports was difficult because of the diverse manifestations of the underlying disease and because most patients received numerous concomitant medications.

Incidence of 5% or Greater

Body as a Whole: fever, fatigue, rigors, asthenia, malaise, pain, infection, sepsis, death

Central and Peripheral Nervous System: headache, paresthesia, dizziness, involuntary muscle contractions, hypoesthesia, neuropathy, seizures including grand mal seizures

Gastrointestinal System: anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Hematologic: anemia, granulocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia

Metabolic and Nutritional: mineral and electrolyte imbalances including hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia

Psychiatric: depression, confusion, anxiety

Respiratory System: coughing, dyspnea

Skin and Appendages: rash, increased sweating

Urinary: alterations in renal function including increased serum creatinine, decreased creatinine clearance, and abnormal renal function

Special Senses: vision abnormalities

Incidence between 1% and 5%

Application Site: injection site pain, injection site inflammation

Body as a Whole: back pain, chest pain (including reports of transient chest pain as part of infusion reactions), edema, influenza-like symptoms, bacterial infections, moniliasis, fungal infections, abscess

Cardiovascular: hypertension, palpitations, ECG abnormalities including sinus tachycardia, first degree AV block and non-specific ST-T segment changes, hypotension, flushing, cerebrovascular disorder

Central and Peripheral Nervous System: tremor, ataxia, dementia, stupor, generalized spasms, sensory disturbances, meningitis, aphasia, abnormal coordination, leg cramps, EEG abnormalities

Gastrointestinal: constipation, dysphagia, dyspepsia, rectal hemorrhage, dry mouth, melena, flatulence, ulcerative stomatitis, pancreatitis

Hematologic: thrombocytopenia, platelet abnormalities, thrombosis, white blood cell abnormalities, lymphadenopathy

Liver and Biliary: abnormal A-G ratio, abnormal hepatic function, increased SGPT, increased SGOT

Metabolic and Nutritional: hyponatremia, decreased weight, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased LDH, increased BUN, acidosis, cachexia, thirst

Musculo-Skeletal: arthralgia, myalgia

Neoplasms: lymphoma-like disorder, sarcoma

Psychiatric: insomnia, somnolence, nervousness, amnesia, agitation, aggressive reaction, hallucination

Respiratory System: pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, respiratory disorders, respiratory insufficiency, pulmonary infiltration, stridor, pneumothorax, hemoptysis, bronchospasm

Skin and Appendages: pruritus, skin ulceration, seborrhea, erythematous rash, maculo-papular rash, skin discoloration

Special Senses: taste perversions, eye abnormalities, eye pain, conjunctivitis

Urinary System: albuminuria, dysuria, polyuria, urethral disorder, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, acute renal failure, nocturia, facial edema

Selected adverse events occurring at a rate of less than 1% in the five initial U.S. controlled clinical trials of Foscarnet include: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, pancytopenia, hematuria, dehydration, hypoproteinemia, increases in amylase and creatinine phosphokinase, cardiac arrest, coma, and other cardiovascular and neurologic complications.

Selected adverse event data from the Foscarnet vs. Ganciclovir CMV Retinitis Trial (FGCRT), performed by the Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group, are shown in Table 11.

* Values for the treatment groups refer only to patients who completed at least one follow-up visit – i.e., 133 to 119 patients in the ganciclovir group and 93 to 100 in the foscarnet group. “Events” denotes all events observed and “patients” the number of patients with one or more of the indicated events.

†Per person-year at risk

‡Final frozen SOCA I database dated October 1991

EVENT GANCICLOVIR FOSCARNET
No. of

Events

No. of Patients Rates† No. of

Events

No. of Patients Rates†
Absolute neutrophil count decreasing to <0.50 x 109 per liter 63 41 1.30 31 17 0.72
Serum creatinine increasing to >260 μmol per liter (>2.9 mg/dL) 6 4 0.12 13 9 0.30
Seizure ‡ 21 13 0.37 19 13 0.37
Catheterization-related infection 49 27 1.26 51 28 1.46
Hospitalization 209 91 4.74 202 75 5.03

Selected adverse events from ACTG Study 228 (CRRT) comparing combination therapy with Foscarnet or ganciclovir monotherapy are shown in Table 12. The most common reason for a treatment change in patients assigned to either Foscarnet or ganciclovir was retinitis progression. The most frequent reason for a treatment change in the combination treatment group was toxicity.

* Pts. = patients with event; †Rate = events/person/year; ‡ANC = absolute neutrophil count

Foscarnet

N=88

Ganciclovir

N=93

Combination

N=93

No. Events No. Pts.* Rate† No. Events No. Pts.* Rate† No. Events No. Pts.* Rate†
Anemia (Hgb <70g/L) 11 7 0.20 9 7 0.14 19 15 0.33
Neutropenia‡

ANC <0.75 x 109 cells/L

ANC <0.50 x 109 cells/L


86

50


32

25


1.53

0.91


95

49


41

28


1.51

0.80


107

50


51

28


1.91

0.85

Thrombocytopenia

Platelets <50 x 109/L

Platelets <20 x 109/L


28

1


14

1


0.50

0.01


19

6


8

2


0.43

0.05


40

7


15

6


0.56

0.18

Nephrotoxicity

Creatinine >260 μmol/L (>2.9 mg/dL)


9


7


0.15


10


7


0.17


11


10


0.20

Seizures 6 6 0.17 7 6 0.15 10 5 0.18
Hospitalizations 86 53 1.86 111 59 2.36 118 64 2.36

Adverse events that have been reported in post-marketing surveillance include: administration site extravasation, localized edema, hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylactic shock, urticaria and angioedema), gastrointestinal hemorrhage, increased lipase, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria, status epilepticus, ventricular arrhythmia, prolongation of QT interval, torsade de pointes, gamma GT increased, diabetes insipidus (usually nephrogenic), renal calculus, Fanconi syndrome acquired, renal tubular acidosis, renal tubular necrosis, crystal-induced nephropathy, hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, esophageal ulceration and muscle disorders including myopathy, myositis, muscle weakness and rare cases of rhabdomyolysis. Cases of vesiculobullous eruptions including erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported. In most cases, patients were taking other medications that have been associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

OVERDOSAGE

In controlled clinical trials performed in the United States, overdosage with Foscarnet was reported in 10 out of 189 patients. All 10 patients experienced adverse events and all except one made a complete recovery. One patient died after receiving a total daily dose of 12.5 g for three days instead of the intended 10.9 g. The patient suffered a grand mal seizure and became comatose. Three days later the patient expired with the cause of death listed as respiratory/cardiac arrest. The other nine patients received doses ranging from 1.14 times to 8 times their recommended doses with an average of 4 times their recommended doses. Overall, three patients had seizures, three patients had renal function impairment, four patients had paresthesias either in limbs or periorally, and five patients had documented electrolyte disturbances primarily involving calcium and phosphate.

Overdose (up to 20 times the recommended dose) has been reported in post-marketing use of Foscarnet. Some of these post-marketing reports were relative overdoses in that the dose of Foscarnet had not been adjusted in patients with a reduced renal function. The pattern of adverse events associated with a Foscarnet overdose is consistent with the known adverse event profile of the drug.

There is no specific antidote for Foscarnet overdose. Hemodialysis and hydration may be of benefit in reducing drug plasma levels in patients who receive an overdosage of Foscarnet, but the effectiveness of these interventions has not been evaluated. The patient should be observed for signs and symptoms of renal impairment and electrolyte imbalance. Medical treatment should be instituted if clinically warranted.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

CAUTION-DO NOT ADMINISTER Foscarnet BY RAPID OR BOLUS INTRAVENOUS INJECTION. THE TOXICITY OF Foscarnet MAY BE INCREASED AS A RESULT OF EXCESSIVE PLASMA LEVELS. CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID UNINTENTIONAL OVERDOSE BY CAREFULLY CONTROLLING THE RATE OF INFUSION. THEREFORE, AN INFUSION PUMP MUST BE USED. IN SPITE OF THE USE OF AN INFUSION PUMP, OVERDOSES HAVE OCCURRED.

ADMINISTRATION

Instructions for Administration and Preparation

Foscarnet is administered by controlled intravenous infusion, either by using a central venous line or by using a peripheral vein. The rate of infusion must be no more than 1 mg/kg/minute. An individualized dose of Foscarnet should be calculated on the basis of body weight, renal function, indication of use and dosing frequency (refer to DOSAGE subsection). To reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity, creatinine clearance (mL/min/kg) should be calculated even if serum creatinine is within the normal range, and doses should be adjusted accordingly.

An individualized dose at the required concentration (24 mg/mL or 12 mg/mL) for the route of administration (central line or peripheral line) needs to be aseptically prepared prior to dispensing. The standard 24 mg/mL solution may be used with or without dilution when using a central venous catheter for infusion. When a peripheral vein catheter is used, the 24 mg/mL injection must be diluted to a 12 mg/mL concentration with 5% dextrose in water or with a normal saline solution prior to administration to avoid local irritation of peripheral veins. Dilutions and/or removals of excess quantities should be accomplished under aseptic conditions. Solutions thus prepared should be used within 24 hours of first entry into a sealed bottle.

Hydration

Hydration may reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity. Clinically dehydrated patients should have their condition corrected before initiating Foscarnet therapy. It is recommended that 750–1000 mL of normal saline or 5% dextrose solution should be given prior to the first infusion of Foscarnet to establish diuresis. With subsequent infusions, 750–1000 mL of hydration fluid should be given with 90–120 mg/kg of Foscarnet, and 500 mL with 40–60 mg/kg of Foscarnet. Hydration fluid may need to be decreased if clinically warranted. Oral rehydration with similar regimens may be considered in certain patients. After the first dose, the hydration fluid should be administered concurrently with each infusion of Foscarnet.

Compatibility With Other Solutions/Drugs

Other drugs and supplements can be administered to a patient receiving Foscarnet. However, care must be taken to ensure that Foscarnet is only administered with normal saline or 5% dextrose solution and that no other drug or supplement is administered concurrently via the same catheter. Foscarnet has been reported to be chemically incompatible with 30% dextrose, amphotericin B, and solutions containing calcium such as Ringer's lactate and TPN. Physical incompatibility with other IV drugs has also been reported including acyclovir sodium, ganciclovir, trimetrexate glucuronate, pentamidine isethionate, vancomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, diazepam, midazolam, digoxin, phenytoin, leucovorin, and proclorperazine. Because of foscarnet's chelating properties, a precipitate can potentially occur when divalent cations are administered concurrently in the same catheter.

Parenteral drug products must be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever the solution and container permit. Solutions that are discolored or contain particulate matter should not be used.

Accidental Exposure

Accidental skin and eye contact with Foscarnet solution may cause local irritation and burning sensation. If accidental contact occurs, the exposed area should be flushed with water.

DOSAGE

THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE, FREQUENCY, OR INFUSION RATES SHOULD NOT BE EXCEEDED. ALL DOSES MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED FOR PATIENTS' RENAL FUNCTION.

Induction Treatment

The recommended initial dose of Foscarnet for patients with normal renal function is:


An infusion pump must be used to control the rate of infusion. Adequate hydration is recommended to establish a diuresis, both prior to and during treatment to minimize renal toxicity, provided there are no clinical contraindications.

Maintenance Treatment

Following induction treatment the recommended maintenance dose of Foscarnet for CMV retinitis is 90 mg/kg/day to 120 mg/kg/day (individualized for renal function) given as an intravenous infusion over 2 hours. Because the superiority of the 120 mg/kg/day has not been established in controlled trials, and given the likely relationship of higher plasma foscarnet levels to toxicity, it is recommended that most patients be started on maintenance treatment with a dose of 90 mg/kg/day. Escalation to 120 mg/kg/day may be considered should early reinduction be required because of retinitis progression. Some patients who show excellent tolerance to Foscarnet may benefit from initiation of maintenance treatment at 120 mg/kg/day earlier in their treatment.

An infusion pump must be used to control the rate of infusion with all doses. Again, hydration to establish diuresis both prior to and during treatment is recommended to minimize renal toxicity, provided there are no clinical contraindications.

Patients who experience progression of retinitis while receiving Foscarnet maintenance therapy may be retreated with the induction and maintenance regimens given above or with a combination of Foscarnet and ganciclovir. Because of physical incompatibility, Foscarnet and ganciclovir must NOT be mixed.

Use in Patients with Abnormal Renal Function

Foscarnet should be used with caution in patients with abnormal renal function because reduced plasma clearance of foscarnet will result in elevated plasma levels. In addition, Foscarnet has the potential to further impair renal function. Safety and efficacy data for patients with baseline serum creatinine levels greater than 2.8 mg/dL or measured 24-hour creatinine clearances < 50 mL/min are limited.

Renal function must be monitored carefully at baseline and during induction and maintenance therapy with appropriate dose adjustments for Foscarnet as outlined below. During Foscarnet therapy if creatinine clearance falls below the limits of the dosing nomograms (0.4 mL/min/kg), Foscarnet should be discontinued, the patient hydrated, and monitored daily until resolution of renal impairment is ensured.

Foscarnet is not recommended in patients undergoing hemodialysis because dosage guidelines have not been established.

Dose Adjustment

Foscarnet dosing must be individualized according to the patient's renal function status. Refer to Table 13 below for recommended doses and adjust the dose as indicated. Even patients with serum creatinine in the normal range may require dose adjustment; therefore, the dose should be calculated at baseline and frequently thereafter.

To use this dosing guide, actual 24-hour creatinine clearance (mL/min) must be divided by body weight (kg), or the estimated creatinine clearance in mL/min/kg can be calculated from serum creatinine (mg/dL) using the following formula (modified Cockcroft and Gault equation):

For males: 140 – age (x 0.85 for females) = mL/min/kg

Serum creatinine x 72

HSV: Equivalent to CMV: Equivalent to
CrCI

(mL/min/kg)

80 mg/kg/day total

(40 mg/kg Q12h)

120 mg/kg/day total

(40 mg/kg Q8h)

180 mg/kg/day total
(60 mg/kg Q8h) (90 mg/kg Q12h)
>1.4 40 Q12h 40 Q8h 60 Q8h 90 Q12h
>1.0 – 1.4 30 Q12h 30 Q8h 45 Q8h 70 Q12h
> 0.8 – 1.0 20 Q12h 35 Q12h 50 Q12h 50 Q12h
>0.6 – 0.8 35 Q24h 25 Q12h 40 Q12h 80 Q24h
>0.5 – 0.6 25 Q24h 40 Q24h 60 Q24h 60 Q24h
> 0.4 – 0.5 20 Q24h 35 Q24h 50 Q24h 50 Q24h
<0.4 Not recommended Not recommended Not recommended Not recommended
*> means “greater than”, †≥ means “greater than or equal to”, ‡< means “less than”

CMV: Equivalent to
CrCI

(mL/min/kg)

90 mg/kg/day

(once daily)

120 mg/kg/day

(once daily)

>*1.4 90 Q24h 120 Q24h
>*1.0 – 1.4 70 Q24h 90 Q24h
>*0.8 – 1.0 50 Q24h 65 Q24h
>*0.6 – 0.8 80 Q48h 105 Q48h
>*0.5 – 0.6 60 Q48h 80 Q48h
≥†0.4 – 0.5 50 Q48h 65 Q48h
<‡0.4 Not recommended Not recommended

PATIENT MONITORING

The majority of patients will experience some decrease in renal function due to Foscarnet administration. Therefore it is recommended that creatinine clearance, either measured or estimated using the modified Cockcroft and Gault equation based on serum creatinine, be determined at baseline, 2–3 times per week during induction therapy and once weekly during maintenance therapy, with Foscarnet dose adjusted accordingly. More frequent monitoring may be required for some patients. It is also recommended that a 24-hour creatinine clearance be determined at baseline and periodically thereafter to ensure correct dosing (assuming verification of an adequate collection using creatinine index). Foscarnet should be discontinued if creatinine clearance drops below 0.4 mL/min/kg.

Due to FOSCAVIR's propensity to chelate divalent metal ions and alter levels of serum electrolytes, patients must be monitored closely for such changes. It is recommended that a schedule similar to that recommended for serum creatinine be used to monitor serum calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. Particular caution is advised in patients with decreased total serum calcium or other electrolyte levels before treatment, as well as in patients with neurologic or cardiac abnormalities, and in patients receiving other drugs known to influence serum calcium levels. Any clinically significant metabolic changes should be corrected. Also, patients who experience mild (e.g., perioral numbness or paresthesias) or severe (e.g., seizures) symptoms of electrolyte abnormalities should have serum electrolyte and mineral levels assessed as close in time to the event as possible.

Careful monitoring and appropriate management of electrolytes, calcium, magnesium and creatinine are of particular importance in patients with conditions that may predispose them to seizures.

HOW SUPPLIED

Foscarnet (foscarnet sodium) INJECTION, 24 mg/mL for intravenous infusion, is supplied in 250 mL glass bottles containing 6000 mg Foscarnet (24 mg/mL) as follows:

NDC 76310-024-25 250 mL bottles, cases of 10

For Single Use Only.

Store between 20° and 25°C (68° and 77°F). Protect from excessive heat (above 40°C) and from freezing. If refrigerated or exposed to temperatures below the freezing point, precipitation may occur. By keeping the bottle at room temperature with repeated shaking, the precipitate can be brought into solution again.

Foscarnet INJECTION should be used only if the bottle and seal are intact, a vacuum is present, and the solution is clear and colorless.

Manufactured for:

Clinigen Healthcare Ltd., DE14 2WW, UK

By: Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, A-8055 Graz, Austria

Distributed by: Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA

Foscarnet is a trademark of Clinigen Healthcare Ltd.

© Clinigen Healthcare Ltd., 2017

Date of revision: February 2017

Logos

NDC 76310-024-25

Foscarnet ®

(foscarnet sodium) injection

6000 mg/250 mL

(24 mg/mL)

For Central Intravenous Infusion Only

Must Be Diluted for Peripheral Intravenous Infusion

Rx only

For Single Use Only. Discard unused portion.

(Clinigen logo)

Mfd. for: Clinigen Healthcare Ltd., DE14 2WW, UK.

By: Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, A-8055 Graz, Austria.

Distributed by: Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA.

Foscarnet is a trademark of Clinigen Healthcare Ltd.

© Clinigen Healthcare Ltd. 2011

(Hospira logo)

NDC 76310-024-25

Foscarnet ®

(foscarnet sodium) injection

6000 mg/250 mL

(24 mg/mL)

For Central Intravenous Infusion Only

Must Be Diluted for Peripheral

Intravenous Infusion

Rx only

For Single Use Only. Discard unused portion.

(Clinigen and Hospira logos)

Mfd. for: Clinigen Healthcare Ltd., DE14 2WW, UK.

By: Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, A-8055 Graz, Austria.

Distributed by: Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA.

Foscarnet is a trademark of Clinigen Healthcare Ltd.

© Clinigen Healthcare Ltd. 2011

Hospira List No.: 01182-02

CA-2957

Foscarnet pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


Foscarnet available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.

Price
Foscarnet 24 mg/ml infus bttl0.37 USD
Foscavir 24 mg/ml infus bottle0.43 USD
Injectable; Injection; Foscarnet Sodium 24 mg / ml
Sodium phosphonoformate powder286.3 USD

Foscarnet destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


Foscarnet Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


Foscarnet pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. Dailymed."FOSCAVIR (FOSCARNET SODIUM) INJECTION, SOLUTION [CLINIGEN HEALTHCARE LTD.]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. "foscarnet". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/co... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. "foscarnet". http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB0052... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Foscarnet?

Depending on the reaction of the Foscarnet after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Foscarnet not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Foscarnet addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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Review

sdrugs.com conducted a study on Foscarnet, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Foscarnet consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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