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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Diazepam:
Diaze-P is a benzodiazepine derivative tranquilizer. It provides anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, central muscle relaxant effect. The mechanism of action is associated with increased inhibitory effect of GABA in the CNS. Muscle relaxant effect is also due to the inhibition of spinal reflexes. This medication may cause anticholinergic effects.
Diaze-P (Diazepam) has rapid absorption. Cmax in plasma observed after 90 min. Plasma protein binding is 98%. Diaze-P (Diazepam) crosses the placental barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid; excreted in breast milk; metabolized in the liver; excreted by the kidneys - 70%.
Diaze-P prescribed for oral, IV, IM, rectal use. The daily dose of Diaze-P (Diazepam) ranges from 0.5 mg to 60 mg. Single dose, frequency and duration of use are set individually.
CNS: drowsiness, dizziness, muscle weakness; rare - confusion, depression, blurred vision, diplopia, dysarthria, headache, tremor, ataxia; in single cases - a paradoxical response: excitement, anxiety, sleep disturbances, hallucinations. After IV injection is sometimes seen a hiccup. With prolonged use may develop drug dependence, memory impairment.
Digestive system: rarely - constipation, nausea, dry mouth, excessive salivation; in single cases - raising the level of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in blood plasma, jaundice.
Endocrine system: rarely - increased or decreased libido.
Urinary system: rare - incontinence.
Cardiovascular system: when administered parenteral may be some fall in blood pressure.
Respiratory system: when administered parenteral in single cases - respiratory disorders.
Allergic reactions: rarely - a skin rash.
Myasthenia gravis, severe chronic hypercapnia. Specifying a history of alcohol or drug dependence. Hypersensitivity to Diaze-P (Diazepam) and other benzodiazepines.
Diaze-P (Diazepam) should not be used in the I trimester of pregnancy, except in cases of extreme necessity. Diaze-P (Diazepam) taking during pregnancy may significantly change fetal heart rate.
When used in obstetrics doses recommended to facilitate childbirth, newborns (most preterm) it is possible temporary muscular hypotonia, hypothermia, respiratory failure.
When taken regularly during lactation breastfeeding should be discontinued.
Should avoid the use of Diaze-P (Diazepam) in newborn infants, since they have not yet fully formed enzyme system involved in the metabolism of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
Diaze-P with caution used in patients with cardiac and respiratory failure, organic changes in the brain (in such cases are advised to avoid parenteral administration of Diaze-P (Diazepam)), with angle-closure glaucoma and predisposition to it, in myasthenia.
There are needed special care when using Diaze-P (Diazepam) (especially at the beginning of treatment) for patients receiving long-term antihypertensive medications of central action, beta-blockers, anticoagulants, cardiac glycosides.
If you cancel the therapy dose should be reduced gradually. With the sudden cancellation of Diaze-P (Diazepam) after prolonged use may concern, excitement, tremors, convulsions. This medicine should be abolished in the development of paradoxical reactions (acute agitation, anxiety, sleep disturbances and hallucinations).
After I.M. injection of Diaze-P (Diazepam) may increase the activity of CK in the blood plasma (which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction).
Avoid IA injection.
Avoid alcohol during the period of treatment.
Diaze-P (Diazepam) can cause slowing of psychomotor responses that should be considered for patients involved in potentially danger activities.
When used Diaze-P (Diazepam) with drugs providing a depressing effect on the CNS (including with antipsychotics, sedatives, hypnotics, opioid analgesics, drugs for anesthesia), enhanced inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, the respiratory center, pronounced arterial hypotension.
When used Diaze-P (Diazepam) with the tricyclic antidepressants (including amitriptyline) may be increasing of the CNS depressant effect, increasing concentrations of antidepressants and increased cholinergic action.
Patients receiving long-term antihypertensive medications central action, beta-blockers, anticoagulants, cardiac glycosides, the extent and mechanisms of drug interactions are unpredictable.
Simultaneous administration with muscle relaxants the action of muscle relaxants increases, also increases the risk of apnea.
Co-administration with oral contraceptives may increase the effects of Diaze-P (Diazepam). The risk of breakthrough bleeding increases.
Simultaneous administration with bupivacaine may increase the concentration of bupivacaine in blood plasma; with diclofenac - may increase dizziness; with isoniazid - a decrease of Diaze-P (Diazepam) elimination from the body.
Drugs that cause induction of liver enzymes, including antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenytoin) may accelerate the elimination of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
When this medicine used with caffeine decreases sedative and possibly anxiolytic action of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
Simultaneous administration with with clozapine may be expressed as hypotension, respiratory depression, loss of consciousness; with levodopa - may suppress antiparkinsonian action; with lithium carbonate - described a case of coma, with metoprolol - possible decreased visual acuity, impairment of psychomotor reactions.
Simultaneous administration with paracetamol may decrease excretion of Diaze-P (Diazepam) and its metabolite desmethyldiazepam; with risperidone - described the cases of NMS.
Co-administration with rifampicin increased excretion of Diaze-P (Diazepam) is due to a significant increase in its metabolism under the influence of rifampicin.
Theophylline at low doses changes a sedative effect of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
In rare cases Diaze-P (Diazepam) inhibits the metabolism and increases the effect of phenytoin. Phenobarbital and phenytoin may accelerate the metabolism of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
Fluvoxamine increases plasma concentrations and side effects of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
Cimetidine, omeprazole, disulfiram may increase the intensity and duration of action of Diaze-P (Diazepam).
Alcohol and alcohol containing drugs enhanced inhibitory effect on the central nervous system (mainly on the respiratory center) but can also occur syndrome of pathological intoxication.
Symptoms: CNS depression of varying severity (from lethargy to coma): severe drowsiness, lethargy, weakness, decreased muscle tone, ataxia, prolonged confusion, depression of reflexes, coma; perhaps hypotension, respiratory depression.
Treatment: induction of vomiting and the appointment of activated charcoal (if the patient is conscious), gastric lavage through a tube (if patient is unconscious), symptomatic therapy, monitor vital functions, liquids' intravenous injection (to increase urine output), if necessary - artificial ventilation. With the development of excitation barbiturates should not be used. In hospital conditions used a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil as specific antidote. Hemodialysis is ineffective.
Propranolol:
Diaze-P (Propranolol) Hydrochloride, USP is a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent chemically described as (+)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol hydrochloride. Its structural formula is:
Diaze-P (Propranolol) Hydrochloride, USP is a stable, white, crystalline solid which is readily soluble in water and ethanol. Its molecular weight is 295.80.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) Hydrochloride Injection, USP is available as a sterile injectable solution for intravenous administration. Each mL contains 1 mg of Diaze-P (Propranolol) Hydrochloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. The pH is adjusted with anhydrous Citric Acid, USP.
General
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent possessing no other autonomic nervous system activity. It specifically competes with beta-adrenergic receptor stimulating agents for available receptor sites. When access to beta-recceptor sites is blocked by Diaze-P (Propranolol), chronotropic, inotropic, and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are decreased proportionately. At doses greater than required for beta blockade, Diaze-P (Propranolol) also exerts a quinidine-like or anesthetic-like membrane action, which affects the cardiac action potential. The significance of the membrane action in the treatment of arrhythmias is uncertain.
Mechanism of Action
The effects of Diaze-P (Propranolol) are due to selective blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors, leaving alpha-adrenergic responses intact. There are two well-characterized subtypes of beta receptors (beta1 and beta2); Diaze-P (Propranolol) interacts with both subtypes equally. Beta1-adrenergic receptors leads to a decrease in the activity of both normal and ectopic pacemaker cells and a decrease in A-V nodal conduction velocity. All of these actions can contribute to antiarrhythmic activity and control of ventricular rate during arrhythmias. Blockade of cardiac beta1-adrenergic receptors also decreases the myocardial force of contraction and may provoke cardiac decompensation in patients with minimal cardiac reserve.
Beta2-adrenergic receptors are found predominantly in smooth muscle-vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal and genitourinary. Blockade of these receptors results in constriction. Clinically, Diaze-P (Propranolol) may exacerbate respiratory symptoms in patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma and emphysema.
Propranolol's beta blocking effects are attributable to its S(-) enantiomer.
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism
Distribution
Diaze-P (Propranolol) has a distribution half-life (T1/2 alpha) of 5-10 minutes and a volume of distribution of about 4 to 5 L/kg. Approximately 90% of circulating Diaze-P (Propranolol) is bound to plasma proteins. The binding is enantiomer-selective. The S-isomer is preferentially bound to alpha1 glycoprotein and the R-isomer is preferentially bound to albumin.
Metabolism and Elimination
The elimination half-life (T½ beta) is between 2 and 5.5 hours. Diaze-P (Propranolol) is extensively metabolized with most metabolites appearing in the urine. The major metabolites include Diaze-P (Propranolol) glucuronide, naphthyloxylactic acid, and glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of 4-hydroxy Diaze-P (Propranolol). Following single-dose intravenous administration, side-chain oxidative products account for approximately 40% of the metabolites, direct conjugation products account for approximately 45-50% of metabolites, and ring oxidative products account for approximately 10-15% of metabolites. Of these, only the primary ring oxidative product (4-hydroxypropranolol) possesses beta-adrenergic receptor blocking activity.
In vitro studies have indicated that the aromatic hydroxylation of Diaze-P (Propranolol) is catalyzed mainly by polymorphic CYP2D6. Side‑chain oxidation is mediated mainly by CYP1A2 and to some extent by CYP2D6. 4-hydroxy Diaze-P (Propranolol) is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Pharmacodynamics
As Diaze-P (Propranolol) concentration increases, so does its beta-blocking effect, as evidenced by a reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia (n = 6 normal volunteers).
Special Populations
The pharmacokinetics of Diaze-P (Propranolol) have not been investigated in patients under 18 years of age. Diaze-P (Propranolol) injection is not recommended for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in pediatric patients.
Elevated Diaze-P (Propranolol) plasma concentrations, a longer mean elimination half-life (254 vs. 152 minutes), and decreased systemic clearance (8 vs. 13 mL/kg/min) have been observed in elderly subjects when compared to young subjects. However, the apparent volume of distribution seems to be similar in elderly and young subjects. These findings suggest that dose adjustment of Diaze-P (Propranolol) injection may be required for elderly patients.
Gender
Intravenously administered Diaze-P (Propranolol) was evaluated in 5 women and 6 men. When adjusted for weight, there were no gender-related differences in elimination half-life, volume of distribution, protein binding, or systemic clearance.
In a study of intravenously administered Diaze-P (Propranolol), obese subjects had a higher AUC (161 versus 109 hr·mcg/L) and lower total clearance than did non-obese subjects. Diaze-P (Propranolol) plasma protein binding was similar in both groups.
The pharmacokinetics of Diaze-P (Propranolol) and its metabolites were evaluated in 15 subjects with varying degrees of renal function after Diaze-P (Propranolol) administration via the intravenous and oral routes. When compared with normal subjects, an increase in fecal excretion of Diaze-P (Propranolol) conjugates was observed in patients with increased renal impairment. Diaze-P (Propranolol) was also evaluated in 5 patients with chronic renal failure, 6 patients on regular dialysis, and 5 healthy subjects, following a single oral dose of 40 mg of Diaze-P (Propranolol). The peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of Diaze-P (Propranolol) in the chronic renal failure group were 2- to 3-fold higher (161 ng/mL) than those observed in the dialysis patients (47 ng/mL) and in the healthy subjects (26 ng/mL). Diaze-P (Propranolol) plasma clearance was also reduced in the patients with chronic renal failure.
Chronic renal failure has been associated with a decrease in drug metabolism via downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is extensively metabolized by the liver. In a study conducted in 6 normal subjects and 20 patients with chronic liver disease, including hepatic cirrhosis, 40 mg of R-propranolol was administered intravenously. Compared to normal subjects, patients with chronic liver disease had decreased clearance of Diaze-P (Propranolol), increased volume of distribution, decreased protein-binding, and considerable variation in half-life. Caution should be exercised when Diaze-P (Propranolol) is used in this population. Consideration should be given to lowering the dose of intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
Thyroid Dysfunction
No pharmacokinetic changes were observed in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid patients when compared to their corresponding euthyroid state. Dosage adjustment does not seem necessary in either patient population based on pharmacokinetic findings.
Drug Interactions
Because propranolol’s metabolism involves multiple pathways in the cytochrome P-450 system (CYP2D6, 1A2, 2C19), administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with drugs that are metabolized by, or affect the activity (induction or inhibition) of one or more of these pathways may lead to clinically relevant drug interactions.
Blood levels of Diaze-P (Propranolol) may be increased by administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with substrates or inhibitors of CYP2D6, such as amiodarone, cimetidine, delavirdine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine, and ritonavir. No interactions were observed with either ranitidine or lansoprazole.
Blood levels of Diaze-P (Propranolol) may be increased by administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with substrates or inhibitors of CYP1A2, such as imipramine, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine, isoniazid, ritonavir, theophylline, zileuton, zolmitriptan, and rizatriptan.
Blood levels of Diaze-P (Propranolol) may be increased by administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with substrates or inhibitors of CYP2C19, such as fluconazole, cimetidine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, teniposide, and tolbutamide. No interaction was observed with omeprazole.
Blood levels of Diaze-P (Propranolol) may be decreased by administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with inducers such as rifampin and ethanol. Cigarette smoking also induces hepatic metabolism and has been shown to increase up to 100% the clearance of Diaze-P (Propranolol), resulting in decreased plasma concentrations.
Antiarrhythmics
The AUC of propafenone is increased by more than 200% with co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
The metabolism of Diaze-P (Propranolol) is reduced by co-administration of quinidine, leading to a 2- to 3-fold increased blood concentrations and greater beta-blockade.
The metabolism of lidocaine is inhibited by co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol), resulting in a 25% increase in lidocaine concentrations.
Calcium Channel Blockers
The mean Cmax and AUC of Diaze-P (Propranolol) are increased respectively, by 50% and 30% by co-administration of nisoldipine and by 80% and 47%, by co-administration of nicardipine.
The mean values of Cmax and AUC of nifedipine are increased by 64% and 79%, respectively, by co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Diaze-P (Propranolol) does not affect the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil. Verapamil does not affect the pharmacokinetics of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Migraine Drugs
Administration of zolmitriptan or rizatriptan with Diaze-P (Propranolol) resulted in increased concentrations of zolmitriptan (AUC increased by 56% and Cmax by 37%) or rizatriptan (the AUC and Cmax were increased by 67% and 75%, respectively).
Theophylline
Co-administration of theophylline with Diaze-P (Propranolol) decreases theophylline clearance by 33% to 52%.
Benzodiazepines
Diaze-P (Propranolol) can inhibit the metabolism of diazepam, resulting in increased concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites. Diazepam does not alter the pharmacokinetics of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
The pharmacokinetics of oxazepam, triazolam, lorazepam, and alprazolam are not affected by co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Neuroleptic Drugs
Co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) at doses greater than or equal to 160 mg/day resulted in increased thioridazine plasma concentrations ranging from 50% to 370% and increased thioridazine metabolites concentrations ranging from 33% to 210%.
Co-administration of chlorpromazine with Diaze-P (Propranolol) resulted in increased plasma levels of both drugs (70% increase in Diaze-P (Propranolol) concentrations).
Anti-Ulcer Drugs
Co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with cimetidine, a non-specific CYP450 inhibitor, increased Diaze-P (Propranolol) concentrations by about 40%. Co‑administration with aluminum hydroxide gel (1200 mg) resulted in a 50% decrease in Diaze-P (Propranolol) concentrations.
Co-administration of metoclopramide with Diaze-P (Propranolol) did not have a significant effect on propranolol’s pharmacokinetics.
Lipid Lowering Drugs
Co-administration of cholesteramine or colestipol with Diaze-P (Propranolol) resulted in up to 50% decrease in Diaze-P (Propranolol) concentrations.
Co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with lovastatin or pravastatin decreased 20% to 25% the AUC of both, but did not alter their pharmacodynamics. Diaze-P (Propranolol) did not have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin.
Warfarin
Concomitant administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) and warfarin has been shown to increase warfarin bioavailability and increase prothrombin time.
In a series of 225 patients with supraventricular (n = 145), ventricular (n = 69), or both (n = 11) arrythmias resistant to digitalis, intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride was administered in single doses, averaging 1 to 5 mg. Approximately one-quarter of the patients with supraventricular arrhythmias (generally those with sinus or atrial tachycardia) reverted to normal sinus rhythm. About one-half had symptoms ameliorated either by a decrease in ventricular rate or an attenuation of frequency or severity of paroxysmal attacks.
Approximately one-half of patients with ventricular arrhythmias (generally those with frequent PVCs) reverted to normal sinus rhythm or responded with a reduction in ventricular rate.
Similar findings were seen in a series of 25 Bantu patients with atrial fibrillation (n = 16), sinus tachycardia (n = 5), and multifocal ventricular extrasystoles (n = 9).
In another series, 7 of 8 patients with digitalis-related tachyarrhythmia had ventricular rate decreases after intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol). Similarly limited clinical experience has shown that intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) will slow the ventricular rate in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or with tachycardia associated with thyrotoxicosis.
Onset of activity is usually within five minutes.
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Intravenous administration is usually reserved for life-threatening arrhythmias or those occurring under anesthesia.
1. Supraventricular arrhythmias
Intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) is indicated for the short-term treatment of supraventricular tachycardia, including Wolff‑Parkinson‑White syndrome and thyrotoxicosis, to decrease ventricular rate. Use in patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation should be reserved for arrythmias unresponsive to standard therapy or when more prolonged control is required. Reversion to normal sinus rhythm has occasionally been observed, predominantly in patients with sinus or atrial tachycardia.
2. Ventricular tachycardias
With the exception of those induced by catecholamines or digitalis, Diaze-P (Propranolol) is not the drug of first choice. In critical situations when cardioversion techniques or other drugs are not indicated or are not effective, Diaze-P (Propranolol) may be considered. If, after consideration of the risks involved, Diaze-P (Propranolol) is used, it should be given intravenously in low dosage and very slowly, as the failing heart requires some sympathetic drive for maintenance of myocardial tone. Some patients may respond with complete reversion to normal sinus rhythm, but reduction in ventricular rate is more likely. Ventricular arrhythmias do not respond to Diaze-P (Propranolol) as predictably as do the supraventricular arrhythmias.
Intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) is indicated for the treatment of persistent premature ventricular extrasystoles that impair the well‑being of the patient and do not respond to conventional measures.
3. Tachyarrhythmias of digitalis intoxication
Intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) is indicated to control ventricular rate in life-threatening digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Severe bradycardia may occur.
4. Resistant tachyarrhythmias due to excessive catecholamine action during anesthesia
Intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) is indicated to abolish tachyarrhythmias due to excessive catecholamine action during anesthesia when other measures fail. These arrhythmias may arise because of release of endogenous catecholamines or administration of catecholamines. All general inhalation anesthetics produce some degree of myocardial depression. Therefore, when Diaze-P (Propranolol) is used to treat arrhythmias during anesthesia, it should be used with extreme caution, usually with constant monitoring of the ECG and central venous pressure.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is contraindicated in 1) cardiogenic shock; 2) sinus bradycardia and greater than first-degree block; 3) bronchial asthma; and 4) in patients with known hypersensitivity to Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride.
Cardiac Failure
Sympathetic stimulation may be a vital component supporting circulatory function in patients with congestive heart failure, and its inhibition by beta blockade may precipitate more severe failure. Although beta-blockers should be avoided in overt congestive heart failure, some have been shown to be highly beneficial when used with close follow-up in patients with a history of failure who are well compensazted and are receiving additional therapies, including diiuretics as needed. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents do not abolish the inotropic action of digitalis on heart muscle.
Nonallergic Bronchospasm (e.g., Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema)
In general, patients with bronchospastic lung disease should not receive beta blockers. Diaze-P (Propranolol) should be administered with caution in this setting since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta-receptors.
Major Surgery
The necessity or desirability of withdrawal of beta-blocking therapy prior to major surgery is controversial. It should be noted, however, that the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli in propranolol-treated patients might augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is a competitive inhibitor of beta-receptor agonists, and its effects can be reversed by administration of such agents, e.g., dobutamine or isoproterenol. However, such patients may be subject to protracted severe hypotension.
Diabetes and Hypoglycemia
Beta-adrenergic blockade may prevent the appearance of certain premonitory signs and symptoms (pulse rate and pressure changes) of acute hypoglycemia, especially in labile insulin-dependent diabetics. In these patients, it may be more difficult to adjust the dosage of insulin.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) therapy, particularly in infants and children, diabetic or not, has been associated with hypoglycemia especially during fasting, as in preparation for surgery. Hypoglycemia has been reported after prolonged physical exertion and in patients with renal insufficiency.
Thyrotoxicosis
Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask certain clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. Therefore, abrupt withdrawal of Diaze-P (Propranolol) may be followed by an exacerbation of symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including thyroid storm. Diaze-P (Propranolol) may change thyroid-function tests, increasing T4 and reverse T3, and decreasing T3.
General
Diaze-P (Propranolol) should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is not indicated for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade can cause reduction of intraocular pressure. Patients should be told that Diaze-P (Propranolol) might interfere with the glaucoma screening test. Withdrawal may lead to a return of elevated intraocular pressure.
Risk of anaphylactic reaction. While taking beta blockers, patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated challenge, either accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat allergic reaction.
Angina Pectoris
There have been reports of exacerbation of angina and, in some cases, myocardial infarction, following abrupt discontinuance of Diaze-P (Propranolol) therapy. Therefore, when discontinuance of Diaze-P (Propranolol) is planned, the dosage should be gradually reduced over at least a few weeks, and the patient should be cautioned against interruption or cessation of therapy without a physician’s advice. If Diaze-P (Propranolol) therapy is interrupted and exacerbation of angina occurs, it is usually advisable to reinstitute Diaze-P (Propranolol) therapy and take other measures appropriate for the management of angina pectoris. Since coronary artery disease may be unrecognized, it may be prudent to follow the above advice in patients considered at risk of having occult atherosclerotic heart disease who are given Diaze-P (Propranolol) for other indications.
Clinical Laboratory Tests
In patients with hypertension, use of Diaze-P (Propranolol) has been associated with elevated levels of serum potassium, serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase. In severe heart failure, the use of Diaze-P (Propranolol) has been associated with increases in Blood Urea Nitrogen.
Drug Interactions
Caution should be exercised when Diaze-P (Propranolol) is administered with drugs that have an effect on CYP2D6, 1A2, or 2C19 metabolic pathways. Co-administration of such drugs with Diaze-P (Propranolol) may lead to clinically relevant drug interactions and changes in its efficacy and/or toxicity (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, DRUG INTERACTIONS.
Cardiovascular Drugs
Antirrhythmics
Propafenone has negative inotropic and beta-blocking properties that can be additive to those of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Quinidine increases the concentration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) and produces a greater degree of clinical beta-blockade and may cause postural hypotension.
Disopyramide is a Type I antiarrhythmic drug with potent negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and has been associated with severe bradycardia, asystole and heart failure when administered with Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent with negative chronotropic properties that may be additive to those seen with Diaze-P (Propranolol).
The clearance of lidocaine is reduced when administered with Diaze-P (Propranolol). Lidocaine toxicity has been reported following co-administration with Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Caution should be exercised when administering Diaze-P (Propranolol) with drugs that slow A-V nodal conduction, e.g., digitalis, lidocaine and calcium channel blockers.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Caution should be exercised when patients receiving a beta-blocker are administered a calcium-channel-blocking drug with negative inotropic and/or chronotropic effects. Both agents may depress myocardial contractility or atrioventricular conduction.
There have been reports of significant bradycardia, heart failure, and cardiovascular collapse with concurrent use of verapamil and beta‑blockers.
Co-administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) and diltiazem in patients with cardiac disease has been associated with bradycardia, hypotension, high degree heart block, and heart failure.
ACE Inhibitors
When combined with beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors can cause hypotension, particularly in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.
ACE inhibitors have been reported to increase bronchial hyperreactivity when administered with Diaze-P (Propranolol).
The antihypertensive effects of clonidine may be antagonized by beta-blockers. Diaze-P (Propranolol) should be administered cautiously to patients withdrawing from clonidine.
Alpha-blockers
Prazosin has been associated with prolongation of first dose hypotension in the presence of beta-blockers.
Postural hypotension has been reported in patients taking both beta-blockers and terazosin or doxazosin.
Reserpine
Patients receiving catecholamine-depleting drugs, such as reserpine, with Diaze-P (Propranolol) should be closely observed for excess reduction of resting sympathetic nervous activity, which may result in hypotension, marked bradycardia, vertigo, syncopal attacks, or orthostatic hypotension. Administration of reserpine with Diaze-P (Propranolol) may also potentiate depression.
Inotropic Agents
Patients on long-term therapy with Diaze-P (Propranolol) may experience uncontrolled hypertension if administered epinephrine as a consequence of unopposed alpha-receptor stimulation. Epinephrine is therefore not indicated in the treatment of Diaze-P (Propranolol) overdose.
Isoproterenol and Dobutamine
Propranolol is a competitive inhibitor of beta-receptor agonists, and its effects can be reversed by administration of such agents, e.g., dobutamine or isoproterenol. Also, Diaze-P (Propranolol) may reduce sensitivity to dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing evaluation for myocardial ischemia.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported to blunt the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents.
Administration of indomethacin with Diaze-P (Propranolol) may reduce the efficacy of Diaze-P (Propranolol) in reducing blood pressure and heart rate.
The hypotensive effects of MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants may be exacerbated when administered with beta-blockers by interfering with the beta blocking activity of Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Methoxyflurane and trichloroethylene may depress myocardial contractility when administered with Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Administration of Diaze-P (Propranolol) with warfarin increases the concentration of warfarin. Therefore, the prothrombin time should be monitored.
Hypotension and cardiac arrest have been reported with the concomitant use of Diaze-P (Propranolol) and haloperidol.
Thyroxine may result in a lower than expected T3 concentration when used concomitantly with Diaze-P (Propranolol).
In dietary administration studies in which mice and rats were treated with Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride for up to 18 months at doses of up to 150 mg/kg/day, there was no evidence of drug-related tumorigenesis. On a body surface area basis, this dose in the mouse and rat is, respectively, about equal to and about twice the maximum recommended human oral daily dose (MRHD) of 640 mg Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride. In a study in which both male and female rats were exposed to Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride in their diets at concentrations of up to 0.05% (about 50 mg/kg body weight and less than the MRHD), from 60 days prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation for two generations, there were no effects on fertility. Based on differing results from Ames Tests performed by different laboratories, there is equivocal evidence for a genotoxic effect of Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride in bacteria (S. typhimurium strain TA 1538).
In a series of reproductive and developmental toxicology studies, Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride was given to rats by gavage or in the diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. At doses of 150 mg/kg/day, but not at doses of 80 mg/kg/day (equivalent to the MRHD on a body surface area basis), treatment was associated with embryotoxicity (reduced litter size and increased resorption rates) as well as neonatal toxicity (deaths). Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride also was administered (in the feed) to rabbits (throughout pregnancy and lactation) at doses as high as 150 mg/kg/day (about 5 times the maximum recommended human oral daily dose). No evidence of embryo or neonatal toxicity was noted.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Intrauterine growth retardation has been reported for neonates whose mothers received Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride during pregnancy. Neonates whose mothers received Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride at parturition have exhibited bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression. Adequate facilities for monitoring such infants at birth should be available. Diaze-P (Propranolol) should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Diaze-P (Propranolol) is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness of Diaze-P (Propranolol) in pediatric patients have not been established.
Clinical studies of intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Elderly subjects have decreased clearance and a longer mean elimination half‑life. These findings suggest that dose adjustment of Diaze-P (Propranolol) injection may be required for elderly patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of the decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
In a series of 225 patients, there were 6 deaths. Cardiovascular events (hypotension, congestive heart failure, bradycardia, and heart block) were the most common. The only other event reported by more than one patient was nausea.
Other adverse events for intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol), reported during post-marketing surveillance include cardiac arrest, dyspnea, and cutaneous ulcers.
The following adverse events have been reported with use of formulations of sustained- or immediate-release oral Diaze-P (Propranolol) and may be expected with intravenous Diaze-P (Propranolol).
Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, constipation, mesenteric arterial thrombosis, ischemic colitis.
Diaze-P (Propranolol) is not significantly dialyzable. In the event of overdose or exaggerated response, the following measures should be employed:
Hypotension and bradycardia have been reported following Diaze-P (Propranolol) overdose and should be treated appropriately. Glucagon can exert potent inotropic and chronotropic effects and may be particularly useful for the treatment of hypotension or depressed myocardial function after a Diaze-P (Propranolol) overdose. Glucagon should be administered as 50-150 mcg/kg intravenously followed by continuous drip of 1-5 mg/hour for positive chronotropic effect. Isoproterenol, dopamine, or phosphodiesterase inhibitors may also be useful. Epinephrine, however, may provoke uncontrolled hypertension. Bradycardia can be treated with atropine or isoproterenol. Serious bradycardia may require temporary cardiac pacing.
The electrocardiogram, pulse, blood pressure, neurobehavioral status and intake and output balance must be monitored. Isoproterenol and aminophylline may be useful for bronchospasm.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
The usual dose is 1 to 3 mg administered under careful monitoring, such as electrocardiography and central venous pressure. The rate of administration should not exceed 1 mg (1 mL) per minute to diminish the possibility of lowering blood pressure and causing cardiac standstill. Sufficient time should be allowed for the drug to reach the site of action even when a slow circulation is present. If necessary, a second dose may be given after two minutes. Thereafter, additional drug should not be given in less than four hours. Additional Diaze-P (Propranolol) hydrochloride should not be given when the desired alteration in rate or rhythm is achieved.
Transfer to oral therapy as soon as possible.
Each mL contains 1 mg of Diaze-P (Propranolol) Hydrochloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. The pH is adjusted with anhydrous Citric Acid, USP. Supplied as: 1 mL vials in boxes of 10 (NDC 0143-9872-10).
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). Protect from freezing or excessive heat.
Manufactured by: HIKMA FARMACÊUTICA (PORTUGAL), S.A.
Estrada do Rio da Mó, 8, 8A e 8B – Fervença – 2705-906 Terrugem SNT, PORTUGAL
Distributed by: WEST-WARD PHARMACEUTICAL CORP.
Eatontown, NJ 07724 USA
Rev.: 05/2015
PIN166-WES/4
Depending on the reaction of the Diaze-P after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Diaze-P not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Diaze-P addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology