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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Calcium Iodide:
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate is a phosphate binder indicated to reduce serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).
- Calcium acetate is a phosphate binder indicated for the reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease. (1)
The recommended initial dose of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate for the adult dialysis patient is 2 capsules with each meal. Increase the dose gradually to lower serum phosphorus levels to the target range, as long as hypercalcemia does not develop. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal.
- Starting dose is 2 capsules with each meal. (2)
- Titrate the dose every 2 to 3 weeks until acceptable serum phosphorus level is reached. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal. (2)
Capsule: 667 mg Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate capsule.
- Capsule: 667 mg Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate capsule. (3)
Patients with hypercalcemia.
- Hypercalcemia. (4)
- Treat mild hypercalcemia by reducing or interrupting Calcidrine acetate and Vitamin D. Severe hypercalcemia may require hemodialysis and discontinuation of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate. (5.1)
- Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity. (5.2)
Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia when treated with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide), including Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate. Avoid the use of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) supplements, including Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) based nonprescription antacids, concurrently with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate.
An overdose of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate may lead to progressive hypercalcemia, which may require emergency measures. Therefore, early in the treatment phase during the dosage adjustment period, monitor serum Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) levels twice weekly. Should hypercalcemia develop, reduce the Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate dosage, or discontinue the treatment, depending on the severity of hypercalcemia
More severe hypercalcemia (Ca >12 mg/dL) is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor and coma. Severe hypercalcemia can be treated by acute hemodialysis and discontinuing Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate therapy.
Mild hypercalcemia (10.5 to 11.9 mg/dL) may be asymptomatic or manifest as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Mild hypercalcemia is usually controlled by reducing the Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate dose or temporarily discontinuing therapy. Decreasing or discontinuing Vitamin D therapy is recommended as well.
Chronic hypercalcemia may lead to vascular calcification and other soft-tissue calcification. Radiographic evaluation of suspected anatomical regions may be helpful in early detection of soft tissue calcification. The long term effect of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate on the progression of vascular or soft tissue calcification has not been determined.
Hypercalcemia (>11 mg/dL) was reported in 16% of patients in a 3 month study of solid dose formulation of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate; all cases resolved upon lowering the dose or discontinuing treatment.
Maintain the serum calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product below 55 mg2/dL2.
Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity.
Hypercalcemia is discussed elsewhere [see Warnings and Precautions ].
- The most common (>10%) adverse reactions are hypercalcemia, nausea and vomiting. (6.1)
- In clinical studies, patients have occasionally experienced nausea during Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate therapy. (6)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-800-962-8364 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In clinical studies, Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate has been generally well tolerated.
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate was studied in a 3 month, open-label, non-randomized study of 98 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients and an alternate liquid formulation of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate was studied in a two week double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with 69 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients. Adverse reactions (>2% on treatment) from these trials are presented in Table 1.
Preferred Term | Total adverse reactions reported for Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate N=167 N (%) | 3 month, open label study of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate N=98 N (%) | Double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of liquid Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate N=69 | |
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate N (%) | Placebo N (%) | |||
Nausea | 6 (3.6) | 6 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Vomiting | 4 (2.4) | 4 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Hypercalcemia | 21 (12.6) | 16 (16.3) | 5 (7.2) | 0 (0) |
Mild hypercalcemia may be asymptomatic or manifest itself as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. More severe hypercalcemia is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor, and coma. Decreasing dialysate Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) concentration could reduce the incidence and severity of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate-induced hypercalcemia. Isolated cases pruritus have been reported, which may represent allergic reactions.
Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate: dizziness, edema, and weakness.
The drug interaction of Calcidrine acetate is characterized by the potential of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) to bind to drugs with anionic functions (e.g., carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups). Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones via this mechanism.
There are no empirical data on avoiding drug interactions between Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate and most concomitant drugs. When administering an oral medication with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate where a reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have a clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy, administer the drug one hour before or three hours after Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate. Monitor blood levels of the concomitant drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Patients taking anti-arrhythmic medications for the control of arrhythmias and anti-seizure medications for the control of seizure disorders were excluded from the clinical trials with all forms of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate.
- Calcium acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones. (7)
- When clinically significant drug interactions are expected, administer the drug at least one hour before or at least three hours after Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate or consider monitoring blood levels of the drug. (7)
In a study of 15 healthy subjects, a co-administered single dose of 4 Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate tablets, approximately 2.7g, decreased the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by approximately 50%.
Pregnancy Category C:
Calcidrine acetate capsules contains Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate, and there are no adequate and well controlled studies of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate use in pregnant women. Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 ) ]. Maintenance of normal serum Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) levels is important for maternal and fetal well being. Hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase the risk for maternal and neonatal complications such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, and neonatal hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate treatment, as recommended, is not expected to harm a fetus if maternal Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) levels are properly monitored during and following treatment.
The effects of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate on labor and delivery are unknown.
Calcidrine Acetate Capsules contains Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate and is excreted in human milk. Human milk feeding by a mother receiving Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate is not expected to harm an infant, provided maternal serum Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) levels are appropriately monitored.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Clinical studies of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Administration of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate in excess of the appropriate daily dosage may result in hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate acts as a phosphate binder. Its chemical name is Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate. Its molecular formula is C4H6CaO4, and its molecular weight is 158.17. Its structural formula is:
Each white opaque/blue opaque capsule contains 667 mg of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate USP (anhydrous; Ca(CH3COO)2; MW=158.17 grams) equal to 169 mg (8.45 mEq) Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide), polyethylene glycol 8000 and magnesium stearate. Each capsule shell contains: black monogramming ink, FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Red #3, gelatin and titanium dioxide. The black monogramming ink contains: ammonium hydroxide, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol and shellac glaze.
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) Acetate Capsules are administered orally for the control of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal failure.
Patients with ESRD retain phosphorus and can develop hyperphosphatemia. High serum phosphorus can precipitate serum Calcidrine resulting in ectopic calcification. Hyperphosphatemia also plays a role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with ESRD.
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate, when taken with meals, combines with dietary phosphate to form an insoluble Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) phosphate complex, which is excreted in the feces, resulting in decreased serum phosphorus concentration.
Orally administered Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate from pharmaceutical dosage forms is systemically absorbed up to approximately 40% under fasting conditions and up to approximately 30% under nonfasting conditions. This range represents data from both healthy subjects and renal dialysis patients under various conditions.
No carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility studies have been conducted with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate.
Effectiveness of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate in decreasing serum phosphorus has been demonstrated in two studies of the Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate solid oral dosage form.
Ninety-one patients with end-stage renal disease who were undergoing hemodialysis and were hyperphosphatemic (serum phosphorus >5.5 mg/dL) following a 1 week phosphate binder washout period contributed efficacy data to an open-label, non-randomized study.
The patients received Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate 667 mg tablets at each meal for a period of 12 weeks. The initial starting dose was 2 tablets per meal for 3 meals a day, and the dose was adjusted as necessary to control serum phosphorus levels. The average final dose after 12 weeks of treatment was 3.4 tablets per meal. Although there was a decrease in serum phosphorus, in the absence of a control group the true magnitude of effect is uncertain.
The data presented in Table 2 demonstrate the efficacy of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease patients. The effects on serum Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) levels are also presented.
* Ninety-one patients completed at least 6 weeks of the study. † ANOVA of difference in values at pre-study and study completion. ‡ Values expressed as mean ± SE. | |||||
Parameter | Pre-Study | Week 4* | Week 8 | Week 12 | p-value† |
Phosphorus (mg/dL)‡ | 7.4 ± 0.17 | 5.9 ± 0.16 | 5.6 ± 0.17 | 5.2 ± 0.17 | ≤0.01 |
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) (mg/dL)‡ | 8.9 ± 0.09 | 9.5 ± 0.10 | 9.7 ± 0.10 | 9.7 ± 0.10 | ≤0.01 |
There was a 30% decrease in serum phosphorus levels during the 12 week study period (p<0.01). Two-thirds of the decline occurred in the first month of the study. Serum Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) increased 9% during the study mostly in the first month of the study.
Treatment with the phosphate binder was discontinued for patients from the open-label study, and those patients whose serum phosphorus exceeded 5.5 mg/dL were eligible for entry into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Patients were randomized to receive Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate or placebo, and each continued to receive the same number of tablets as had been individually established during the previous study. Following 2 weeks of treatment, patients switched to the alternative therapy for an additional 2 weeks.
The phosphate binding effect of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate is shown in the Table 3.
* ANOVA of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate vs. placebo after 2 weeks of treatment. † Values expressed as mean ± SEM. | ||||
Parameter | Pre-Study | Post-Treatment | p-value* | |
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) Acetate | Placebo | |||
Phosphorus (mg/dL)† | 7.3 ± 0.18 | 5.9 ± 0.24 | 7.8 ± 0.22 | <0.01 |
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) (mg/dL)† | 8.9 ± 0.11 | 9.5 ± 0.13 | 8.8 ± 0.12 | <0.01 |
Overall, 2 weeks of treatment with Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate statistically significantly (p<0.01) decreased serum phosphorus by a mean of 19% and increased serum Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) by a statistically significant (p<0.01) but clinically unimportant mean of 7%.
Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) Acetate Capsules
667 mg capsule is supplied as a white opaque/blue opaque capsule, imprinted with “54 215” on the cap and body.
NDC 0615-2303-39: Blistercards of 30 Capsules
NDC 0615-2303-30: Unit-dose Boxes of 30 Capsules
STORAGE
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
Inform patients to take Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate capsules with meals, adhere to their prescribed diets, and avoid the use of Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) supplements including nonprescription antacids. Inform the patients about the symptoms of hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].
Advise patients who are taking an oral medication where reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy to take the drug one hour before or three hours after Calcidrine (Calcium Iodide) acetate capsules.
Distr. by: West-Ward
Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Eatontown, NJ 07724
10003705/05
Revised April 2016
Codeine:
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are indicated for the management of mild to moderate pain, where treatment with an opioid is appropriate and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
Limitations of Use
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses , reserve Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options [e.g., non-opioid analgesics or opioid combination products]:
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are an opioid agonist, indicated for the management of mild to moderate pain, where treatment with an opioid is appropriate and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. (1)
Limitations of Use (1)
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, reserve Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options [e.g., non-opioid analgesics or opioid combination products]:
Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals .
Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse .
Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy and following dosage increases with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and adjust the dosage accordingly .
Initiating Treatment with Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets
Initiate treatment with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in a dosing range of 15 to 60 mg every 4 hours as needed for pain.
Adult doses of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets higher than 60 mg provide no further efficacy but are associated with greater adverse reactions. The maximum 24 hour dose is 360 mg.
Conversion from Other Opioids to Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets
There is inter-patient variability in the potency of opioid drugs and opioid formulations. Therefore, a conservative approach is advised when determining the total daily dosage of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. It is safer to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage than to overestimate the 24-hour Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage and manage an adverse reaction due to overdose.
Individually titrate Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse . Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.
If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage. If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage. Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.
When a patient who has been taking Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both. Do not abruptly discontinue Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in a physically-dependent patient .
Each 15 mg tablet for oral administration contains 15 mg of Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate USP. It is a white to off-white biconvex tablet with “15” debossed on the scored side and “54 613” debossed on the other side.
Each 30 mg tablet for oral administration contains 30 mg of Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate USP. It is a white to off-white biconvex tablet with “30” debossed on the scored side and “54 783” debossed on the other side.
Each 60 mg tablet for oral administration contains 60 mg of Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate USP. It is a white to off-white biconvex tablet with “60” debossed on the scored side and “54 412” debossed on the other side.
Tablets: 15 mg, 30 mg, and 60 mg (3)
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated for:
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are also contraindicated in patients with:
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets contain Calcidrine (Codeine), a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse .
Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused.
Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, and monitor all patients receiving Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse.
Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug . Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status . Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy with and following dosage increases of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.
To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are essential . Overestimating the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in a fatal overdose with the first dose.
Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of Calcidrine (Codeine).
Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received Calcidrine (Codeine). Calcidrine (Codeine) is subject to variability in metabolism based upon CYP2D6 genotype (described below), which can lead to an increased exposure to the active metabolite morphine. Based upon post-marketing reports, children younger than 12 years old appear to be more susceptible to the respiratory depressant effects of Calcidrine (Codeine), particularly if there are risk factors for respiratory depression. For example, many reported cases of death occurred in the post-operative period following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of Calcidrine (Codeine). Furthermore, children with obstructive sleep apnea who are treated with Calcidrine (Codeine) for post-tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy pain may be particularly sensitive to its respiratory depressant effect. Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death:
Nursing Mothers
At least one death was reported in a nursing infant who was exposed to high levels of morphine in breast milk because the mother was an ultra-rapid metabolizer of Calcidrine (Codeine). Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets .
CYP2D6 Genetic Variability: Ultra-Rapid Metabolizers
Some individuals may be ultra-rapid metabolizers because of a specific CYP2D6 genotype (e.g., gene duplications denoted as *1/*1xN or *1/*2xN). The prevalence of this CYP2D6 phenotype varies widely and has been estimated at 1 to 10% for Whites (European, North American), 3 to 4% for Blacks (African Americans), 1 to 2% for East Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), and may be greater than 10% in certain racial/ethnic groups (i.e., Oceanian, Northern African, Middle Eastern, Ashkenazi Jews, Puerto Rican).
These individuals convert Calcidrine (Codeine) into its active metabolite, morphine, more rapidly and completely than other people. This rapid conversion results in higher than expected serum morphine levels. Even at labeled dosage regimens, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers may have life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression or experience signs of overdose (such as extreme sleepiness, confusion, or shallow breathing) . Therefore, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers should not use Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.
Prolonged use of Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for a prolonged period of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available.
The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with Calcidrine (Codeine) are complex. Use of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets requires careful consideration of the effects on the parent drug, Calcidrine (Codeine), and the active metabolite, morphine.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction
The concomitant use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) or discontinuation of a cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, may result in an increase in Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentrations with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome P450 2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.
The concomitant use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor may result in lower Calcidrine (Codeine) levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels. This may be associated with a decrease in efficacy, and in some patients, may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Follow patients receiving Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used in conjunction with inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A4.
If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider dosage reduction of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.
If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal [Drug Interactions (7)].
Risks of Concomitant Use or Discontinuation of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Inhibitors
The concomitant use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors (e.g., amiodarone, quinidine) may result in an increase in Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentrations and a decrease in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could result in an analgesic efficacy reduction or symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
Discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor may result in a decrease in Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentration and an increase in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.
Follow patients receiving Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and any CYP2D6 inhibitor for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used in conjunction with inhibitors of CYP2D6.
If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, follow the patient for signs of reduced efficacy or opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage. After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage and follow the patient for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation .
Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone. Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics .
If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response. Follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs). Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined. Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs .
The use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated.
Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets .
Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients
Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients .
Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and when Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration . Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may potentiate the effects of morphine, codeine’s active metabolite, including respiratory depression, coma, and confusion. Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets should not be used in patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment .
Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.
Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) . Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dosage of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. In patients with circulatory shock, Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Avoid the use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with circulatory shock.
In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.
Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury. Avoid the use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.
Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus.
The Calcidrine (Codeine) in Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms.
The Calcidrine (Codeine) in Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets therapy.
Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist or partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic, including Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. In these patients, mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms .
When discontinuing Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in a physically-dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage . Do not abruptly discontinue Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in these patients .
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may impair the mental or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and know how they will react to the medication .
The following serious adverse reactions are described, or described in greater detail, in other sections:
The following adverse reactions associated with the use of Calcidrine (Codeine) were identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. Because some of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Serious adverse reactions associated with Calcidrine (Codeine) were respiratory depression and, to a lesser degree, circulatory depression, respiratory arrest, shock, and cardiac arrest.
The most frequently observed adverse reactions with Calcidrine (Codeine) administration included drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and constipation.
Other adverse reactions included allergic reactions, euphoria, dysphoria, abdominal pain, and pruritis.
Other less frequently observed adverse reactions expected from opioid analgesics, including Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, include:
Cardiovascular System: faintness, flushing, hypotension, palpitations, syncope
Digestive System: abdominal cramps, anorexia, diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, pancreatitis
Nervous System: anxiety, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, insomnia, nervousness, shakiness, somnolence, vertigo, visual disturbances, weakness
Skin and Appendages: rash, sweating, urticaria
Serotonin Syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.
Adrenal Insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.
Anaphylaxis:Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.
Androgen Deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids .
The most common adverse reactions include: drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. (6)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-800-962-8364 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Table 1 includes clinically significant drug interactions with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 | |
Clinical Impact: | The concomitant use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with CYP3A4 inhibitors, may result in an increase in Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentrations with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets is achieved . After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, it may result in lower Calcidrine (Codeine) levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via CYP2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels , resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to Calcidrine (Codeine). |
Intervention: | If concomitant use of CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary, consider dosage reduction of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal. |
Examples: | Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) |
CYP3A4 Inducers | |
Clinical Impact: | The concomitant use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and CYP3A4 inducers can result in lower Calcidrine (Codeine) levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels , resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentrations may increase with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression. |
Intervention: | If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary, follow the patient for reduced efficacy and signs of opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage as needed. If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. |
Examples: | Rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin |
Inhibitors of CYP2D6 | |
Clinical Impact: | Calcidrine (Codeine) is metabolized by CYP2D6 to form morphine. The concomitant use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of Calcidrine (Codeine), but can decrease the plasma concentration of active metabolite morphine, which could result in reduced analgesic efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets is achieved . After stopping a CYP2D6 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentration will decrease but the active metabolite morphine plasma concentration will increase, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression . |
Intervention: | If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, or if a CYP2D6 inhibitor is discontinued after concomitant use, consider dosage adjustment of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and monitor patients closely at frequent intervals. If concomitant use with CYP2D6 inhibitors is necessary, follow the patient for reduced efficacy or signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets as needed. After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation. |
Examples | Paroxetine, fluoxetine, bupropion, quinidine. |
Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants | |
Clinical Impact: | Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. |
Intervention: | Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation . |
Examples: | Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol. |
Serotonergic Drugs | |
Clinical Impact: | The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. |
Intervention: | If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets if serotonin syndrome is suspected. |
Examples: | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that effect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue). |
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) | |
Clinical Impact: | MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma) . |
Intervention: | Do not use Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of other opioids (such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, or buprenorphine) to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. |
Examples: | Phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid. |
Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics | |
Clinical Impact: | May reduce the analgesic effect of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. |
Intervention: | Avoid concomitant use. |
Examples: | Butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, buprenorphine. |
Muscle Relaxants | |
Clinical Impact: | Calcidrine (Codeine) may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression. |
Intervention: | Monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary. |
Diuretics | |
Clinical Impact: | Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. |
Intervention: | Monitor patients for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed. |
Anticholinergic Drugs | |
Clinical Impact: | The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. |
Intervention: | Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs. |
Pregnancy Category C
Risk Summary
Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome . Available data with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies, Calcidrine (Codeine) administration during organogenesis has been shown to produce delayed ossification in the offspring of mice at 1.4 times maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 360 mg/day, embryolethal and fetotoxic effects in the offspring of rats and hamsters at approximately 2 to 3 times the MRHD, and cranial malformations/cranioschisis in the offspring of hamsters between 2 and 8 times the MRHD [see Data ].
All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions: Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly .
Labor or Delivery: Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.
Data
Animal Data: Studies on the reproductive and developmental effects of Calcidrine (Codeine) have been reported in the published literature in hamsters, rats, mice and rabbits.
In a study in which pregnant hamsters were administered 150 mg/kg twice daily of Calcidrine (Codeine) (oral; approximately 7 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) during organogenesis cranial malformations (i.e., meningoencephalocele) in several fetuses were reported; as well as the observation of increases in the percentage of resorptions per litter. Doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg, bid resulted in fetotoxicity as demonstrated by decreased fetal body weight. In an earlier study in hamsters, single oral doses of 73 to 360 mg/kg level on Gestation Day 8 (oral; approximately 2 to 8 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis), reportedly produced cranioschisis in all of the fetuses examined.
In studies in rats, doses at the 120 mg/kg level (oral; approximately 3 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) during organogenesis, in the toxic range for the adult animal, were associated with an increase in embryo resorption at the time of implantation.
In pregnant mice, a single 100 mg/kg dose (subcutaneous; approximately 1.4 times the recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/mg2 basis) administered between Gestation Day 7 and 12 reportedly resulted in delayed ossification in the offspring.
No teratogenic effects were observed in rabbits administered up to 30 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) of Calcidrine (Codeine) during organogenesis.
Calcidrine (Codeine) (30 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously to pregnant rats during pregnancy and for 25 days after delivery increased neonatal mortality at birth. This dose is 0.8 times the maximum recommended human dose of 360 mg/day on a body surface area comparison.
Risk Summary
Calcidrine and its active metabolite, morphine, are present in human milk. There are published studies and cases that have reported excessive sedation, respiratory depression, and death in infants exposed to Calcidrine (Codeine) via breast milk. Women who are ultra-rapid metabolizers of Calcidrine (Codeine) achieve higher than expected serum levels of morphine, potentially leading to higher levels of morphine in breast milk that can be dangerous in their breastfed infants. In women with normal Calcidrine (Codeine) metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity), the amount of Calcidrine (Codeine) secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent.
There is no information on the effects of Calcidrine (Codeine) on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation, respiratory depression, and death in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Clinical Considerations
If infants are exposed to Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets through breast milk, they should be monitored for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped.
Infertility
Chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible .
The safety and effectiveness of Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.
Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received Calcidrine (Codeine) . In most of the reported cases, these events followed tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of Calcidrine (Codeine) (i.e., multiple copies of the gene for cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 or high morphine concentrations). Children with sleep apnea may be particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of Calcidrine (Codeine). Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death:
Elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) may have increased sensitivity to Calcidrine (Codeine). In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration. Titrate the dosage of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets slowly in geriatric patients and monitor closely for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression .
Calcidrine (Codeine) is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
No formal studies have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment so the pharmacokinetics of Calcidrine in this patient population are unknown. Start these patients with a lower than normal dosage of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or with longer dosing intervals and titrate slowly while monitoring for signs of respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.
Calcidrine (Codeine) pharmacokinetics may be altered in patients with renal failure. Clearance may be decreased and the metabolites may accumulate to much higher plasma levels in patients with renal failure as compared to patients with normal renal function. Start these patients with a lower than normal dosage of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or with longer dosing intervals and titrate slowly while monitoring for signs of respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.
Calcidrine Sulfate Tablets contain Calcidrine (Codeine), a Schedule II controlled substance.
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets contains Calcidrine (Codeine), a substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids including fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and tapentadol. Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion .
All patients treated with opioids require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, because use of opioid analgesic products carry the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use.
Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects.
Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal.
“Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing, or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating healthcare provider(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control.
Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Healthcare providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction.
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.
Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.
Risks Specific to Abuse of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are for oral use only. Abuse of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets poses a risk of overdose and death. The risk is increased with concurrent use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infection diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.
Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs, and may develop at different rates for different effects.
Physical dependence results in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dosage reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued opioid usage.
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets should not be abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient . If Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient, a withdrawal syndrome may occur. Some or all of the following can characterize this syndrome: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate.
Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs .
Clinical Presentation
Acute overdose with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations .
Treatment of Overdose
In case of overdose, priorities are the reestablishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life-support techniques.
The opioid antagonists, naloxone or nalmefene, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Calcidrine (Codeine) overdose, administer an opioid antagonist. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Calcidrine (Codeine) overdose.
Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of Calcidrine (Codeine) in Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished. If the response to an opioid antagonist is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional antagonist as directed by the product’s prescribing information.
In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended usual dosage of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets USP contain Calcidrine (Codeine), an opioid agonist, available for oral administration containing either 15 mg, 30 mg, or 60 mg of Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate USP. The chemical name is morphinan-6-ol,7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-(5α,6α)-, sulfate (2:1) (salt), trihydrate. Its molecular formula is (C18H21NO3)2 - H2SO4 - 3H2O and its molecular weight is 750.85 g/mol.
Its structure is as follows:
Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate trihydrate is a fine, white, crystalline powder which is soluble in water and insoluble in chloroform and ether.
The inactive ingredients in Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets USP include: colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch and stearic acid.
Calcidrine sulfate is an opioid agonist relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor, but with a much weaker affinity than morphine. The analgesic properties of Calcidrine (Codeine) have been speculated to come from its conversion to morphine, although the exact mechanism of analgesic action remains unknown.
Effects on the Central Nervous System
Calcidrine (Codeine) produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation.
Calcidrine (Codeine) causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.
Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle
Calcidrine (Codeine) causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.
Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Calcidrine (Codeine) produces peripheral vasodilation which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.
Effects on the Endocrine System
Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans . They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date .
Effects on the Immune System
Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.
Concentration–Efficacy Relationships
The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with potent agonist opioids. The minimum effective analgesic concentration of Calcidrine (Codeine) for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance .
Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships
There is a relationship between increasing Calcidrine (Codeine) plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions .
Absorption
Calcidrine (Codeine) is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with maximum plasma concentration occurring 60 minutes post administration. Administration of 15 mg of Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate every four hours for 5 days resulted in steady-state concentrations of Calcidrine (Codeine), morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) within 48 hours.
Food Effect: When 60 mg Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate was administered 30 minutes after ingesting a high fat/high calorie meal, there was no significant change in the rate and extent of absorption of Calcidrine (Codeine).
Distribution
Calcidrine (Codeine) has been reported to have an apparent volume of distribution of approximately 3 to 6 L/kg, indicating extensive distribution of the drug into tissues. Calcidrine (Codeine) has low plasma protein binding with about 7% to 25% of Calcidrine (Codeine) bound to plasma proteins.
Elimination
Calcidrine (Codeine) is metabolized by conjugation to codeine-6-glucuronide (70% to 80%), by O-demethylation to morphine (5% to 10%), and by N-demethylation to norcodeine (~10%). Approximately 90% of the total dose of Calcidrine (Codeine) is excreted through the kidneys. The plasma half-lives of Calcidrine (Codeine) and its metabolites have been reported to be approximately 3 hours.
Metabolism: About 70% to 80% of the administered dose of Calcidrine (Codeine) is metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid to codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G) and via O-demethylation to morphine (about 5% to 10%) and N-demethylation to norcodeine (about 10%) respectively. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and 2B4 are the major enzymes mediating glucurodination of Calcidrine (Codeine) to C6G. Cytochrome P450 2D6 is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of Calcidrine (Codeine) to morphine and P450 3A4 is the major enzyme mediating conversion of Calcidrine (Codeine) to norcodeine. Morphine and norcodeine are further metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid. The glucuronide metabolites of morphine are morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Morphine and M6G are known to have analgesic activity in humans. The analgesic activity of C6G in humans is unknown. Norcodeine and M3G are generally not considered to possess analgesic properties.
Excretion: Approximately 90% of the total dose of Calcidrine (Codeine) is excreted through the kidneys, of which approximately 10% is unchanged Calcidrine (Codeine). Plasma half-lives of Calcidrine (Codeine) and its metabolites have been reported to be approximately 3 hours.
Carcinogenesis
Two-year carcinogenicity studies have been conducted in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male and female rats, respectively, at dietary doses up to 70 and 80 mg/kg/day of Calcidrine (Codeine) (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) for two years. Similarly there was no evidence of carcinogenicity activity in male and female mice at dietary doses up to 400 mg/kg/day of Calcidrine (Codeine) (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) for two years.
Mutagenesis
Calcidrine (Codeine) was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay or clastogenic in the in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosome aberration assay.
Impairment of Fertility
No animal studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of Calcidrine (Codeine) on male or female fertility.
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets USP
15 mg tablet: supplied as white to off-white biconvex tablets with “15” debossed on the scored side and “54 613” debossed on the other side.
NDC 0054-0243-24: 100 (4 blister packs per carton x 25 tablets per blister pack) Unit-Dose Tablets
30 mg tablet: supplied as white to off-white biconvex tablets with “30” debossed on the scored side and “54 783” debossed on the other side.
NDC 0054-0244-24: 100 (4 blister packs per carton x 25 tablets per blister pack) Unit-Dose Tablets
NDC 0054-0244-25: Bottle of 100 Tablets
60 mg tablet: supplied as white to off-white biconvex tablets with “60” debossed on the scored side and “54 412” debossed on the other side.
NDC 0054-0245-25: Bottle of 100 Tablets
Storage
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).
Protect from moisture.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.
Blisters are not child-resistant. Use child-resistant closure if dispensing to outpatient.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Inform patients that the use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death . Instruct patients not to share Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with others and to take steps to protect Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets from theft or misuse.
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages . Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.
Accidental Ingestion
Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death .
Instruct patients to take steps to store Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate securely and to properly dispose of unused Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in accordance with the local state guidelines and/or regulations.
Ultra-Rapid Calcidrine (Codeine) Metabolism of Calcidrine (Codeine) and Other Risk Factors for Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Children
Advise caregivers that Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated in all children younger than 12 years of age and in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Advise caregivers of children 12 to 18 years of age receiving Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to monitor for signs of respiratory depression .
Interactions with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants
Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider .
Serotonin Syndrome
Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications .
MAOI Interaction
Inform patients not to take Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets .
Adrenal Insufficiency
Inform patients that opioids could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms .
Important Administration Instructions
Instruct patients how to properly take Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.
Hypotension
Inform patients that Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position) .
Anaphylaxis
Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention .
Pregnancy
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated .
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Inform female patients of reproductive potential that Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets can cause fetal harm and to inform the healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy .
Lactation
Advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].
Infertility
Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].
Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery
Inform patients that Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication .
Constipation
Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention .
Disposal of Unused Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets
Advise patients to properly dispose of unused Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Advise patients to throw the drug in the household trash following these steps. 1) Remove them from their original containers and mix them with an undesirable substance, such as used coffee grounds or kitty litter (this makes the drug less appealing to children and pets, and unrecognizable to people who may intentionally go through the trash seeking drugs). 2) Place the mixture in a sealable bag, empty can, or other container to prevent the drug from leaking or breaking out of a garbage bag, or to dispose of in accordance with local state guidelines and/or regulations.
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate (koe’ deen sul’ fate) Tablets USP CII | |
Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are:
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Important information about Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets:
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Important Information Guiding Use in Pediatric Patients:
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Do not take Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets if you have:
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Before taking Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of: | |
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Tell your healthcare provider if you are:
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When taking Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets:
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While taking Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets DO NOT:
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The possible side effects of Calcidrine (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets:
Get emergency medical help if you have:
These are not all the possible side effects of Calcidrine (Codeine) sulfate. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov | |
Distr. by: West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Eatontown, NJ 07724 For more information, please call West-Ward Pharmaceuticals at 1-800-962-8364. | |
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
10005657/10
Revised August 2017
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Depending on the reaction of the Calcidrine after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Calcidrine not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.
Is Calcidrine addictive or habit forming?Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.
Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.
Visitors | % | ||
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1-5mg | 1 | 100.0% |
Visitors | % | ||
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1-5 | 1 | 100.0% |
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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology