Apo-Latanoprost

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Apo-Latanoprost uses


1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Apo-Latanoprost is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Apo-Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F analogue indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The recommended dosage is one drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening. If one dose is missed, treatment should continue with the next dose as normal.

The dosage of Apo-Latanoprost should not exceed once daily; the combined use of two or more prostaglandins, or prostaglandin analogs including Apo-Latanoprost is not recommended. It has been shown that administration of these prostaglandin drug products more than once daily may decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect or cause paradoxical elevations in IOP.

Reduction of the IOP starts approximately 3 to 4 hours after administration and the maximum effect is reached after 8 to 12 hours.

Apo-Latanoprost may be used concomitantly with other topical ophthalmic drug products to lower IOP. If more than one topical ophthalmic drug is being used, the drugs should be administered at least five (5) minutes apart. Contact lenses should be removed prior to the administration of Apo-Latanoprost, and may be reinserted 15 minutes after administration

One drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening. (2)

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Sterile ophthalmic solution containing 50 mcg/mL Apo-Latanoprost.

Ophthalmic solution containing 50 mcg/mL Apo-Latanoprost (0.005%). (3)

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4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

Known hypersensitivity to Apo-Latanoprost, benzalkonium chloride, or any other ingredients in this product.

Known hypersensitivity to Apo-Latanoprost, benzalkonium chloride or any other ingredients in this product. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

5.1 Pigmentation

Apo-Latanoprost has been reported to cause changes to pigmented tissues. The most frequently reported changes have been increased pigmentation of the iris, periorbital tissue (eyelid), and eyelashes. Pigmentation is expected to increase as long as Apo-Latanoprost is administered.

The pigmentation change is due to increased melanin content in the melanocytes rather than to an increase in the number of melanocytes. After discontinuation of Apo-Latanoprost, pigmentation of the iris is likely to be permanent, while pigmentation of the periorbital tissue and eyelash changes have been reported to be reversible in some patients. Patients who receive treatment should be informed of the possibility of increased pigmentation. Beyond 5 years the effects of increased pigmentation are not known [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ].

Iris color change may not be noticeable for several months to years. Typically, the brown pigmentation around the pupil spreads concentrically towards the periphery of the iris and the entire iris or parts of the iris become more brownish. Neither nevi nor freckles of the iris appear to be affected by treatment. While treatment with Apo-Latanoprost can be continued in patients who develop noticeably increased iris pigmentation, these patients should be examined regularly [see Patient Counseling Information (17) ].

5.2 Eyelash Changes

Apo-Latanoprost may gradually change eyelashes and vellus hair in the treated eye; these changes include increased length, thickness, pigmentation, the number of lashes or hairs, and misdirected growth of eyelashes. Eyelash changes are usually reversible upon discontinuation of treatment [see Patient Counseling Information ].

5.3 Intraocular Inflammation

Apo-Latanoprost should be used with caution in patients with a history of intraocular inflammation (iritis/uveitis) and should generally not be used in patients with active intraocular inflammation because inflammation may be exacerbated.

5.4 Macular Edema

Macular edema, including cystoid macular edema, has been reported during treatment with Apo-Latanoprost. Apo-Latanoprost should be used with caution in aphakic patients, in pseudophakic patients with a torn posterior lens capsule, or in patients with known risk factors for macular edema.

5.5 Herpetic Keratitis

Reactivation of Herpes Simplex keratitis has been reported during treatment with Apo-Latanoprost. Apo-Latanoprost should be used with caution in patients with a history of herpetic keratitis. Apo-Latanoprost should be avoided in cases of active herpes simplex keratitis because inflammation may be exacerbated.

5.6 Bacterial Keratitis

There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple-dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface [see Patient Counseling Information ].

5.7 Use with Contact Lenses

Contact lenses should be removed prior to the administration of Apo-Latanoprost, and may be reinserted 15 minutes after administration.

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6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following adverse reactions were reported in postmarketing experience and are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label:


Most common adverse reactions (≥4%) from clinical trials are blurred vision, burning and stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching, increased pigmentation of the iris, punctate keratitis, and upper respiratory tract infection/nasopharyngitis/influenza. (6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Pfizer at 1-800-438-1985 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Apo-Latanoprost was studied in three multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trials. Patients received 50 mcg/mL Apo-Latanoprost once daily or 5 mg/mL active-comparator (timolol) twice daily. The patient population studied had a mean age of 65±10 years. Seven percent of patients withdrew before the 6-month endpoint.

Symptom/Finding Adverse Reactions (incidence (%))
Apo-Latanoprost

(n=460)

Timolol

(n=369)

Foreign body sensation 13 8
Punctate keratitis 10 9
Stinging 9 12
Conjunctival hyperemia 8 3
Blurred vision 8 8
Itching 8 8
Burning 7 8
Increased pigmentation of the Iris 7 0

Less than 1% of the patients treated with Apo-Latanoprost required discontinuation of therapy because of intolerance to conjunctival hyperemia.

Adverse Reactions (incidence (%))
Apo-Latanoprost

(n=460)

Timolol

(n=369)

Ocular Events/Signs and Symptoms
Excessive tearing 4 6
Eyelid discomfort/pain 4 2
Dry eye 3 3
Eye pain 3 3
Eyelid margin crusting 3 3
Erythema of the eyelid 3 2
Photophobia 2 1
Eyelid edema 1 3
Systemic Events
Upper respiratory tract infection/nasopharyngitis/influenza 3 3
Myalgia/arthralgia/back pain 1 0.5
Rash/allergic skin reaction 1 0.3

The ocular event/signs and symptoms of blepharitis have been identified as "commonly observed" through analysis of clinical trial data.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following reactions have been identified during postmarketing use of Apo-Latanoprost in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. The reactions, which have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, possible causal connection to Apo-Latanoprost, or a combination of these factors, include:

Nervous System disorders: Dizziness; headache; toxic epidermal necrolysis

Eye Disorders: Eyelash and vellus hair changes of the eyelid (increased length, thickness, pigmentation, and number of eyelashes); keratitis; corneal edema and erosions; intraocular inflammation (iritis/uveitis); macular edema, including cystoid macular edema; trichiasis; periorbital and lid changes resulting in deepening of the eyelid sulcus; iris cyst; eyelid skin darkening; localised skin reaction on the eyelids; conjunctivitis; pseudopemphigoid of the ocular conjunctiva

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Asthma and exacerbation of asthma; dyspnea

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Pruritus

Infections and Infestations: Herpes keratitis

Cardiac Disorders: Angina; palpitations; angina unstable

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Chest pain

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7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

In vitro studies have shown that precipitation occurs when eye drops containing thimerosal are mixed with Apo-Latanoprost. If such drugs are used, they should be administered at least five (5) minutes apart.

The combined use of two or more prostaglandins, or prostaglandin analogs including Apo-Latanoprost is not recommended. It has been shown that administration of these prostaglandin drug products more than once daily may decrease the IOP lowering effect or cause paradoxical elevations in IOP.

In vitro studies have shown that precipitation occurs when eye drops containing thimerosal are mixed with Apo-Latanoprost. If such drugs are used, they should be administered at least 5 minutes apart. (7)

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C.

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits. In rabbits, an incidence of 4 of 16 dams had no viable fetuses at a dose that was approximately 80 times the maximum human dose, and the highest nonembryocidal dose in rabbits was approximately 15 times the maximum human dose.

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Apo-Latanoprost should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether this drug or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Apo-Latanoprost is administered to a nursing woman.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.

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10 OVERDOSAGE

Intravenous infusion of up to 3 mcg/kg in healthy volunteers produced mean plasma concentrations 200 times higher than during clinical treatment and no adverse reactions were observed. Intravenous dosages of 5.5 to 10 mcg/kg caused abdominal pain, dizziness, fatigue, hot flushes, nausea, and sweating.

If overdosage with Apo-Latanoprost occurs, treatment should be symptomatic.

11 DESCRIPTION

Apo-Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F2 α analogue. Its chemical name is isopropyl-(Z)-7[(1R,2R,3R,5S)3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]cyclopentyl]-5-heptenoate. Its molecular formula is C26H40O5 and its chemical structure is:

M.W. 432.58

Apo-Latanoprost is a colorless to slightly yellow oil that is very soluble in acetonitrile and freely soluble in acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, methanol, and octanol. It is practically insoluble in water.

Apo-Latanoprost (latanoprost ophthalmic solution) 0.005% is supplied as a sterile, isotonic, buffered aqueous solution of Apo-Latanoprost with a pH of approximately 6.7 and an osmolality of approximately 267 mOsmol/kg. Each mL of Apo-Latanoprost contains 50 mcg of Apo-Latanoprost. Benzalkonium chloride, 0.02% is added as a preservative. The inactive ingredients are: sodium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, and water for injection. One drop contains approximately 1.5 mcg of Apo-Latanoprost.

Chemical Structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Apo-Latanoprost is a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist that is believed to reduce the intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Studies in animals and man suggest that the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral outflow. Elevated IOP represents a major risk factor for glaucomatous field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of optic nerve damage and visual field loss.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Reduction of the IOP in man starts about 3–4 hours after administration and maximum effect is reached after 8–12 hours. IOP reduction is present for at least 24 hours.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Apo-Latanoprost is absorbed through the cornea where the isopropyl ester prodrug is hydrolyzed to the acid form to become biologically active.

Distribution

The distribution volume in humans is 0.16 ± 0.02 L/kg. The acid of Apo-Latanoprost can be measured in aqueous humor during the first 4 hours, and in plasma only during the first hour after local administration. Studies in man indicate that the peak concentration in the aqueous humor is reached about two hours after topical administration.

Metabolism

Apo-Latanoprost, an isopropyl ester prodrug, is hydrolyzed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active acid. The active acid of Apo-Latanoprost reaching the systemic circulation is primarily metabolized by the liver to the 1,2-dinor and 1,2,3,4-tetranor metabolites via fatty acid β-oxidation.

Excretion

The elimination of the acid of Apo-Latanoprost from human plasma is rapid (t1/2 = 17 min) after both intravenous and topical administration. Systemic clearance is approximately 7 mL/min/kg. Following hepatic β-oxidation, the metabolites are mainly eliminated via the kidneys. Approximately 88% and 98% of the administered dose are recovered in the urine after topical and intravenous dosing, respectively.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Apo-Latanoprost was not carcinogenic in either mice or rats when administered by oral gavage at doses of up to 170 mcg/kg/day (approximately 2800 times the recommended maximum human dose) for up to 20 and 24 months, respectively.

Apo-Latanoprost was not mutagenic in bacteria, in mouse lymphoma, or in mouse micronucleus tests. Chromosome aberrations were observed in vitro with human lymphocytes. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies on unscheduled DNA synthesis in rats were negative.

Apo-Latanoprost has not been found to have any effect on male or female fertility in animal studies.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Elevated Baseline IOP

Patients with mean baseline IOP of 24 – 25 mmHg who were treated for 6 months in multi-center, randomized, controlled trials demonstrated 6 – 8 mmHg reductions in IOP. This IOP reduction with Apo-Latanoprost 0.005% dosed once daily was equivalent to the effect of timolol 0.5% dosed twice daily.

14.2 Progression of Increased Iris Pigmentation

A 3-year open-label, prospective safety study with a 2-year extension phase was conducted to evaluate the progression of increased iris pigmentation with continuous use of Apo-Latanoprost once-daily as adjunctive therapy in 519 patients with open-angle glaucoma. The analysis was based on observed-cases population of the 380 patients who continued in the extension phase.

Results showed that the onset of noticeable increased iris pigmentation occurred within the first year of treatment for the majority of the patients who developed noticeable increased iris pigmentation. Patients continued to show signs of increasing iris pigmentation throughout the five years of the study. Observation of increased iris pigmentation did not affect the incidence, nature, or severity of adverse events (other than increased iris pigmentation) recorded in the study. IOP reduction was similar regardless of the development of increased iris pigmentation during the study.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Apo-Latanoprost is a clear, isotonic, buffered, preserved colorless solution of Apo-Latanoprost 0.005% (50 mcg/mL). It is supplied as a 2.5 mL solution in a 5 mL clear low density polyethylene bottle with a clear polyethylene dropper tip, a turquoise high density polyethylene screw cap, and a tamper-evident clear low density polyethylene overcap.

2.5 mL fill, 0.005% (50 mcg/mL): Package of 1 bottle: NDC 0013-8303-04

Storage: Protect from light. Store unopened bottle(s) under refrigeration at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F). During shipment to the patient, the bottle may be maintained at temperatures up to 40°C (104°F) for a period not exceeding 8 days. Once a bottle is opened for use, it may be stored at room temperature up to 25°C (77°F) for 6 weeks.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Potential for Pigmentation

Advise patients about the potential for increased brown pigmentation of the iris, which may be permanent. Inform patients about the possibility of eyelid skin darkening, which may be reversible after discontinuation of Apo-Latanoprost [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].

Potential for Eyelash Changes

Inform patients of the possibility of eyelash and vellus hair changes in the treated eye during treatment with Apo-Latanoprost. These changes may result in a disparity between eyes in length, thickness, pigmentation, number of eyelashes or vellus hairs, and/or direction of eyelash growth. Eyelash changes are usually reversible upon discontinuation of treatment.

Handling the Container

Instruct patients to avoid allowing the tip of the dispensing container to contact the eye or surrounding structures because this could cause the tip to become contaminated by common bacteria known to cause ocular infections. Serious damage to the eye and subsequent loss of vision may result from using contaminated solutions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ].

When to Seek Physician Advice

Advise patients that if they develop an intercurrent ocular condition (e.g., trauma or infection) or have ocular surgery, or develop any ocular reactions, particularly conjunctivitis and eyelid reactions, they should immediately seek their physician's advice concerning the continued use of the multiple-dose container.

Use with Contact Lenses

Advise patients that Apo-Latanoprost contains benzalkonium chloride, which may be absorbed by contact lenses. Contact lenses should be removed prior to administration of the solution. Lenses may be reinserted 15 minutes following administration of Apo-Latanoprost.

Use with Other Ophthalmic Drugs

If more than one topical ophthalmic drug is being used, the drugs should be administered at least five (5) minutes apart.

Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium NV

Puurs, Belgium

LAB-0135-13.0

Logo

Apo-Latanoprost ®

Apo-Latanoprost

ophthalmic solution

Sterile

0.005%

125 mcg/2.5 mL

8Q4237

Apo-Latanoprost pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


Apo-Latanoprost available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


Apo-Latanoprost destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


Apo-Latanoprost Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


Apo-Latanoprost pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. Dailymed."XALATAN (LATANOPROST) SOLUTION [PHARMACIA AND UPJOHN COMPANY LLC]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. Dailymed."LATANOPROST: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. "latanoprost". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/co... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Apo-Latanoprost?

Depending on the reaction of the Apo-Latanoprost after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Apo-Latanoprost not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Apo-Latanoprost addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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sdrugs.com conducted a study on Apo-Latanoprost, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Apo-Latanoprost consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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