Gynotocin

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Gynotocin uses

• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• References
• Gynotocin reviews

DESCRIPTION

Gynotocin (oxytocin injection, USP) is a sterile, clear, colorless aqueous solution of synthetic Gynotocin, for intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection. Gynotocin is a nonapeptide found in pituitary extracts from mammals. It is standardized to contain 10 units of oxytocic hormone/mL and contains 0.5% Chlorobutanol, a chloroform derivative as a preservative, with the pH adjusted with acetic acid. Gynotocin may contain up to 16% of total impurities. The hormone is prepared synthetically to avoid possible contamination with vasopressin (ADH) and other small polypeptides with biologic activity. Gynotocin has the empirical formula C₄₃H₆₆N₁₂O₁₂S₂ (molecular weight 1007.19). The structural formula is as follows:

Chemical Structure

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Uterine motility depends on the formation of the contractile protein actomyosin under the influence of the Ca²⁺-dependent phosphorylating enzyme myosin light-chain kinase. Gynotocin promotes contractions by increasing the intracellular Ca²⁺. Gynotocin has specific receptors in the myometrium and the receptor concentration increases greatly during pregnancy, reaching a maximum in early labor at term. The response to a given dose of Gynotocin is very individualized and depends on the sensitivity of the uterus, which is determined by the Gynotocin receptor concentration. However, the physician should be aware of the fact that Gynotocin even in its pure form has inherent pressor and antidiuretic properties which may become manifest when large doses are administered. These properties are thought to be due to the fact that Gynotocin and vasopressin differ in regard to only two of the eight amino acids.

Gynotocin is distributed throughout the extracellular fluid. Small amounts of the drug probably reach the fetal circulation. Gynotocin has a plasma half-life of about 1 to 6 minutes which is decreased in late pregnancy and during lactation. Following intravenous administration of Gynotocin, uterine response occurs almost immediately and subsides within 1 hour. Following intramuscular injection of the drug, uterine response occurs within 3 to 5 minutes and persists for 2 to 3 hours. Its rapid removal from plasma is accomplished largely by the kidney and the liver. Only small amounts are excreted in urine unchanged.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Elective induction of labor is defined as the initiation of labor in a pregnant individual who has no medical indications for induction. Since the available data are inadequate to evaluate the benefits-to-risks considerations, Gynotocin is not indicated for elective induction of labor.

Antepartum

Gynotocin is indicated for the initiation or improvement of uterine contractions, where this is desirable and considered suitable for reasons of fetal or maternal concern, in order to achieve vaginal delivery. It is indicated for induction of labor in patients with a medical indication for the initiation of labor, such as Rh problems, maternal diabetes, preeclampsia at or near term, when delivery is in the best interests of mother and fetus or when membranes are prematurely ruptured and delivery is indicated; (2) stimulation or reinforcement of labor, as in selected cases of uterine inertia; (3) as adjunctive therapy in the management of incomplete or inevitable abortion. In the first trimester, curettage is generally considered primary therapy. In second trimester abortion, Gynotocin infusion will often be successful in emptying the uterus. Other means of therapy, however, may be required in such cases.

Postpartum

Gynotocin is indicated to produce uterine contractions during the third stage of labor and to control postpartum bleeding or hemorrhage.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Antepartum use of Gynotocin is contraindicated in any of the following circumstances:

• Where there is significant cephalopelvic disproportion;
• In unfavorable fetal positions or presentations, such as transverse lies, which are undeliverable without conversion prior to delivery;
• In obstetrical emergencies where the benefit-to-risk ratio for either the fetus or the mother favors surgical intervention;
• In fetal distress where delivery is not imminent;
• Where adequate uterine activity fails to achieve satisfactory progress;
• Where the uterus is already hyperactive or hypertonic;
• In cases where vaginal delivery is contraindicated, such as invasive cervical carcinoma, active herpes genitalis, total placenta previa, vasa previa, and cord presentation or prolapse of the cord;
• In patients with hypersensitivity to the drug.

WARNINGS

Gynotocin, when given for induction of labor or augmentation of uterine activity, should be administered only by the intravenous route and with adequate medical supervision in a hospital.

PRECAUTIONS

General

• All patients receiving intravenous Gynotocin must be under continuous observation by trained personnel who have a thorough knowledge of the drug and are qualified to identify complications. A physician qualified to manage any complications should be immediately available. Electronic fetal monitoring provides the best means for early detection of overdosage. However, it must be borne in mind that only intrauterine pressure recording can accurately measure the intrauterine pressure during contractions. A fetal scalp electrode provides a more dependable recording of the fetal heart rate than any external monitoring system.
• When properly administered, Gynotocin should stimulate uterine contractions comparable to those seen in normal labor. Overstimulation of the uterus by improper administration can be hazardous to both mother and fetus. Even with proper administration and adequate supervision, hypertonic contractions can occur in patients whose uteri are hypersensitive to Gynotocin. This fact must be considered by the physician in exercising his judgment regarding patient selection.
• Except in unusual circumstances, Gynotocin should not be administered in the following conditions: fetal distress, hydramnios, partial placenta previa, prematurity, borderline cephalopelvic disproportion, and any condition in which there is a predisposition for uterine rupture, such as previous major surgery on the cervix or uterus including cesarean section, overdistention of the uterus, grand multiparity, or past history of uterine sepsis or of traumatic delivery. Because of the variability of the combinations of factors which may be present in the conditions listed above, the definition of "unusual circumstances" must be left to the judgment of the physician. The decision can be made only by carefully weighing the potential benefits which Gynotocin can provide in a given case against rare but definite potential for the drug to produce hypertonicity or tetanic spasm.
• Maternal deaths due to hypertensive episodes, subarachnoid hemorrhage, rupture of the uterus, and fetal deaths due to various causes have been reported associated with the use of parenteral oxytocic drugs for induction of labor or for augmentation in the first and second stages of labor.
• Gynotocin has been shown to have an intrinsic antidiuretic effect, acting to increase water reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. Consideration should, therefore, be given to the possibility of water intoxication, particularly when Gynotocin is administered continuously by infusion and the patient is receiving fluids by mouth.
• When Gynotocin is used for induction or reinforcement of already existent labor, patients should be carefully selected. Pelvic adequacy must be considered and maternal and fetal conditions evaluated before use of the drug.

Drug Interactions

Severe hypertension has been reported when Gynotocin was given three to four hours following prophylactic administration of a vasoconstrictor in conjunction with caudal block anesthesia. Cyclopropane anesthesia may modify oxytocin's cardiovascular effects, so as to produce unexpected results such as hypotension. Maternal sinus bradycardia with abnormal atrioventricular rhythms has also been noted when Gynotocin was used concomitantly with cyclopropane anesthesia.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

There are no animal or human studies on the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of this drug, nor is there any information on its effect on fertility.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Gynotocin. There are no known indications for use in the first trimester of pregnancy other than in relation to spontaneous or induced abortion. Based on the wide experience with this drug and its chemical structure and pharmacological properties, it would not be expected to present a risk of fetal abnormalities when used as indicated.

Nonteratogenic Effects

See ADVERSE REACTIONS in the fetus or neonate.

Labor and Delivery

See INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following adverse reactions have been reported in the mother:

Anaphylactic reaction	Premature ventricular contractions
Postpartum hemorrhage	Pelvic hematoma
Cardiac arrhythmia	Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Fatal afibrinogenemia	Hypertensive episodes
Nausea	Rupture of the uterus
Vomiting

Excessive dosage or hypersensitivity to the drug may result in uterine hypertonicity, spasm, tetanic contraction, or rupture of the uterus.

The possibility of increased blood loss and afibrinogenemia should be kept in mind when administering the drug.

Severe water intoxication with convulsions and coma has occurred, associated with a slow Gynotocin infusion over a 24-hour period. Maternal death due to oxytocin-induced water intoxication has been reported.

The following adverse reactions have been reported in the fetus or neonate:

Due to induced uterine motility:	Due to use of Gynotocin in the mother:
Bradycardia	Low Apgar scores at five minutes
Premature ventricular contractions and other arrhythmias	Neonatal jaundice
Permanent CNS or brain damage	Neonatal retinal hemorrhage
Fetal death
Neonatal seizures have been reported with the use of Gynotocin.

For medical advice about adverse reactions contact your medical professional. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. at 1-800-828-9393 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 (1-800-332-1088) or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

OVERDOSAGE

Overdosage with Gynotocin depends essentially on uterine hyperactivity whether or not due to hypersensitivity to this agent. Hyperstimulation with strong (hypertonic) or prolonged (tetanic) contractions, or a resting tone of 15 to 20 mmHg or more between contractions can lead to tumultuous labor, uterine rupture, cervical and vaginal lacerations, postpartum hemorrhage, uteroplacental hypoperfusion, and variable deceleration of fetal heart, fetal hypoxia, hypercapnia, perinatal hepatic necrosis or death. Water intoxication with convulsions, which is caused by the inherent antidiuretic effect of Gynotocin, is a serious complication that may occur if large doses (40 to 50 milliunits/minute) are infused for long periods. Management consists of immediate discontinuation of Gynotocin and symptomatic and supportive therapy.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.

The dosage of Gynotocin is determined by the uterine response and must therefore be individualized and initiated at a very low level. The following dosage information is based upon various regimens and indications in general use.

A. Induction or Stimulation of Labor

Intravenous infusion is the only acceptable method of parenteral administration of Gynotocin for the induction or stimulation of labor. Accurate control of the rate of infusion is essential and is best accomplished by an infusion pump. It is convenient to piggyback the Gynotocin infusion on a physiologic electrolyte solution, permitting the Gynotocin infusion to be stopped abruptly without interrupting the electrolyte infusion. This is done in the following way.

• Preparation
  • The standard solution for infusion of Gynotocin is prepared by adding the contents of one 1-mL vial containing 10 units of Gynotocin to 1000 mL of 0.9% aqueous sodium chloride or Ringer's lactate. The combined solution containing 10 milliunits (mU) of oxytocin/mL is rotated in the infusion bottle for thorough mixing.
  • Establish the infusion with a separate bottle of physiologic electrolyte solution not containing Gynotocin.
  • Attach (piggyback) the Pitocin-containing bottle with the infusion pump to the infusion line as close to the infusion site as possible.
• Administration
  

  The initial dose should be 0.5–1 mU/min (equal to 3–6 mL of the dilute Gynotocin solution per hour). At 30–60 minute intervals the dose should be gradually increased in increments of 1–2 mU/min until the desired contraction pattern has been established. Once the desired frequency of contractions has been reached and labor has progressed to 5–6 cm dilation, the dose may be reduced by similar increments.
  

  
  

  Studies of the concentrations of Gynotocin in the maternal plasma during Gynotocin infusion have shown that infusion rates up to 6 mU/min give the same Gynotocin levels that are found in spontaneous labor. At term, higher infusion rates should be given with great care, and rates exceeding 9–10 mU/min are rarely required. Before term, when the sensitivity of the uterus is lower because of a lower concentration of Gynotocin receptors, a higher infusion rate may be required.
  

• Monitoring
  • Electronically monitor the uterine activity and the fetal heart rate throughout the infusion of Gynotocin. Attention should be given to tonus, amplitude and frequency of contractions, and to the fetal heart rate in relation to uterine contractions. If uterine contractions become too powerful, the infusion can be abruptly stopped, and oxytocic stimulation of the uterine musculature will soon wane (see PRECAUTIONS section).
  • Discontinue the infusion of Gynotocin immediately in the event of uterine hyperactivity and/or fetal distress. Administer oxygen to the mother, who preferably should be put in a lateral position. The condition of mother and fetus should immediately be evaluated by the responsible physician and appropriate steps taken.

B. Control of Postpartum Uterine Bleeding

• Intravenous infusion (drip method). If the patient has an intravenous infusion running, 10 to 40 units of Gynotocin may be added to the bottle, depending on the amount of electrolyte or dextrose solution remaining (maximum 40 units to 1000 mL). Adjust the infusion rate to sustain uterine contraction and control uterine atony.
• Intramuscular administration. (One mL) Ten (10) units of Gynotocin can be given after the delivery of the placenta.

C. Treatment of Incomplete, Inevitable, or Elective Abortion

Intravenous infusion of 10 units of Gynotocin added to 500 mL of a physiologic saline solution or 5% dextrose-in-water solution may help the uterus contract after a suction or sharp curettage for an incomplete, inevitable, or elective abortion.

Subsequent to intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic saline, prostaglandins, urea, etc., for midtrimester elective abortion, the injection-to-abortion time may be shortened by infusion of Gynotocin at the rate of 10 to 20 milliunits (20 to 40 drops) per minute. The total dose should not exceed 30 units in a 12-hour period due to the risk of water intoxication.

HOW SUPPLIED

Gynotocin Synthetic is available as follows:

NDC 42023-116-25 Packages of twenty-five oversized 1-mL vials, each containing 10 units of Gynotocin.

NDC 42023-116-01 A 10 mL multiple-dose vial containing 10 units of Gynotocin per mL (total = 100 units of Gynotocin).

NDC 42023-116-02 Packages of twenty-five 10 mL multiple-dose vial, each containing 10 units of Gynotocin per mL (total = 100 units of Gynotocin per vial).

STORAGE

Store between 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

REFERENCES

• Seitchik J, Castillo M: Gynotocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor. I. Clinical data. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144:899–905.
• Seitchik J, Castillo M: Gynotocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor. II. Multiparous patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145:777–780.
• Fuchs A, Goeschen K, Husslein P, et al: Gynotocin and the initiation of human parturition. III. Plasma concentrations of Gynotocin and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2a in spontaneous and oxytocin-induced labor at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145:497–502.
• Seitchik J, Amico J, et al: Gynotocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor. IV. Gynotocin pharmacokinetics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150:225–228.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: ACOG Technical Bulletin Number 110-November 1987: Induction and augmentation of labor.

Rx only.

Manufactured by:

Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc.

Spring Valley, NY 10977

I01/15

OS116J-01-90-01

3000791F

NDC 42023-116-25

Gynotocin^®

(Oxytocin Injection, USP)

Synthetic

10 Units/mL

IV Infusion or IM

1mL Single Dose Vial

NDC 42023-116-02

Gynotocin ^®

(Oxytocin Injection, USP)

Synthetic

100 units/10 mL

(10 units/mL)

For Intravenous Infusion

or Intramuscular Injection

10 mL Multiple Dose Vial

Gynotocin pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

• Oxytocin

Gynotocin available forms, composition, doses:

• Injectable; Injection; Oxytocin 5 IU / ml

Gynotocin destination | category:

• Human:
• Drugs acting on the uterus
• Oxytocics

Gynotocin Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

• H01BB02 - Oxytocin

Gynotocin pharmaceutical companies:

• Svizera Healthcare

References

1. Dailymed."PITOCIN (OXYTOCIN) INJECTION [PAR PHARMACEUTICAL, INC.]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
2. "OXYTOCIN". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/su... (accessed August 28, 2018).
3. "Oxytocin - DrugBank". http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB0010... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Gynotocin?

Depending on the reaction of the Gynotocin after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Gynotocin not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Gynotocin addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

Review

sdrugs.com conducted a study on Gynotocin, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Gynotocin consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology